A review of the geckos of the genus Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Oman based on morphology, mitochondrial and nuclear data, with descriptions of eight new species
A review of the geckos of the genus Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Oman based on morphology, mitochondrial and nuclear data, with descriptions of eight new species
复制标题
基于形态、线粒体和核数据对阿曼 Hemidactylus 属（有鳞目：壁虎科）壁虎的回顾，以及八个新物种的描述
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
E. N. Arnold
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Carranza;E. N. Arnold
半爪龙属是所有爬行动物属中物种最丰富和分布最广泛的一种，分布在世界热带和亚热带地区以及数百个大陆和海洋岛屿上。尽管已经有111种，但近年来描述的物种数量非常高。这在一定程度上得益于分子技术的使用，在大多数情况下，分子技术已被用于确认某些形态可变形式的DNA水平上的分化，并发现一些隐藏的谱系。初步分析表明，阿曼的一些半趾类物种在形态上有很大的变化，可能包括一个以上的物种。为了验证这一假设，我们利用1385对线粒体DNA （353 bp 12S; 302 bp cytb； 588 bp nd4和142bp tRNAs）和1481 bp核DNA （403 bp c-mos； 668 bp mc1r和410 bp rag2）推断了包括131个半毛毛目（20种）在内的分子系统发育，并分析了226个标本（15种）的几个分生和异构特征，并拍摄了3103张照片，这些照片已存入morphobank （project 483）。结果表明，在阿拉伯地区发现了8种半爪目壁虎新种：来自阿曼北部的luqueorum和hajarensis；来自马西拉岛的马西拉猴；在阿曼中部沿海地区的一个地方的不期望的小蜘蛛；阿曼南部佐法尔alkiyumii、festivus和paucituberculatus sp. 11；最后可能来自阿曼北部，仅根据形态学进行描述。本文还给出了阿曼半爪蝇属的鉴定钥匙。有了这些描述，在阿曼发现的半趾虫种类从7种增加到13种，地方性半趾虫的数量从0种增加到6种。对阿曼北部哈贾尔山脉特有的三种新物种的描述，突显了该山脉作为生物多样性热点的重要性，到目前为止，该山脉包括12种在世界其他地方找不到的爬行动物。半趾类生物多样性的另一个热点是位于阿曼和东也门最西南角的DhofarMountain山脉。由于其特殊的地理位置、地形和西南季风的影响，该山脉呈现出多种多样的栖息地，不同种类的半爪目动物适应于这些栖息地。除了黄毒蛾和leschenaultii属半趾纲热带亚洲分支外，所有可获得DNA序列的阿拉伯半趾纲都属于半趾纲干旱分支。相对较晚的扩散似乎发生在阿拉伯半岛的土耳其狐猴群中，而南阿拉伯的狐猴群则远离该组合中其他已确认的成员。黄绿半趾龙和粗壮人的一个分支在遗传上是一致的，广泛分布于阿拉伯半岛及其他地区，并出现在人类居住地周围，这表明它们的大部分分布是人为的，阿拉伯半岛以外的其他半趾龙物种似乎也是如此。阿拉伯半趾目动物在生态上的分离方式惊人地多样化。它们可能发生在相似的高度，但在地理上相互取代，或者如果它们是同域的，则可能存在高度分离。湿度也可能是一个重要的因素，当动物之间的距离只有几米时，结构壁龛可能是重要的。虽然在佐法尔有四种本地壁虎紧密地分布在一起，但阿拉伯的大多数半趾壁虎群落只有一种或两种，尽管也可能存在其他属的攀爬壁虎，如Asaccus和Ptyodactylus
The genus Hemidactylus is one of the most species-rich and widely distributed of all reptile genera, being found in thetropical and subtropical regions of the world and hundreds of continental and oceanic islands. Despite having already 111species, the number of species described in recent years is very high. This has been facilitated, in part, by the use ofmolecular techniques, which in most cases have been employed to confirm the differentiation at the DNA level of somemorphologically variable forms and to discover some cryptic lineages.Preliminary analyses indicate that some Hemidactylus species from Oman are quite variable in their morphologyand may include more than one species. In order to test this hypothesis we inferred a molecular phylogeny including 131 Hemidactylus (20 species) using 1385 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (353 bp 12S; 302 bp cytb; 588 bp nd4 and 142bp tRNAs) and 1481 bp of nuclear DNA (403 bp c-mos; 668 bp mc1r and 410 bp rag2) and analyzed 226 specimens (15species) for several meristic and pholidotic characters of which we took 3103 photographs that have been deposited inMorphoBank (project 483). Our results indicate the presence of eight new species of Hemidactylus geckos in Arabia: H. luqueorum sp. nov. and H. hajarensis sp. nov. from North Oman; H. masirahensis sp. nov. from Masirah Island; H. inexpectatus sp. nov. from one locality on coastal Central Oman; H. alkiyumii sp. nov., H. festivus sp. nov. and H. paucituberculatus sp. nov. from Dhofar, Southern Oman; and finally H. endophis sp. nov. probably from North Omanand described on the basis of morphology alone. An identification key to the genus Hemidactylus from Oman is alsopresented. With these descriptions, the number of Hemidactylus species found in Oman increases from 7 to 13 and thenumber of endemic Hemidactylus from 0 to 6. The description of three new species endemic to the Hajar Mountains inNorth Oman highlights the importance of this mountain range as a biodiversity hotspot that, up to now, includes 12reptile species that are found nowhere else in the World. Another hotspot of Hemidactylus biodiversity is the DhofarMountain range, in the extreme Southwestern corner of Oman and East Yemen. As a result of its particular geographicsituation, orography and the effect of the Southwest Monsoons, this mountain range presents a diverse variety of habitatswith different species of Hemidactylus adapted to them.With the exception of H. flaviviridis and H. leschenaultii, which belong to the Tropical Asian clade of Hemidactylus, all Arabian Hemidactylus for which DNA sequence is available are members of the Arid clade of Hemidactylus. Relatively recent dispersal appears to have taken place within Arabia in the H. turcicus group, with the South Arabian H. lemurinus occurring far from other confirmed members of this assemblage. Hemidactylus flaviviridis and a clade of H. robustus are genetically uniform, widespread in Arabia and beyond and occur around human habitations, suggesting thatmuch of their large distributions are anthropogenic, as appears to be so in several other Hemidactylus species outsideArabia.The way in which species of Arabian Hemidactylus separate ecologically is surprisingly varied. They may occur atsimilar altitudes but replace each other geographically, or if they are sympatric there may be altitudinal separation.Humidity may also be an important factor, and when animals exist within a few meters of each other, structural nichemay be significant. While four native species occur close together in Dhofar, most Hemidactylus communities in Arabiaconsist of only one or two species, although climbing geckos belonging to other genera, such as Asaccus and Ptyodactylus, may also be present.غ