Effects of Carbon Tax on Microgrid Combined Heat and Power Adoption
Effects of Carbon Tax on Microgrid Combined Heat and Power Adoption
复制标题
碳税对微电网热电联产的影响
DOI：
10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(2005)131:1(2
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Stadler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Siddiqui;C. Marnay;J. Edwards;Ryan Firestone;S. Ghosh;M. Stadler
本文介绍了经济上最佳的采用和分布式能源（DER）的运行由一个假设的加州微电网（μGrid）组成的一组商业建筑在历史测试年，1999年。优化是使用客户采用模型开发的伯克利实验室和实现的一般代数建模系统。μGrid是与现有公用电网（宏电网）互连但能够独立运行的电力和热负荷的半自治分组。μGrid通过优化DER技术的安装和运行，同时从当地的天然气和电力联合公用事业购买剩余能源，从而最大限度地降低满足其能源需求（包括电力和热负荷）的成本。现有的DER技术是小型发电机（<500千瓦），如往复式发动机、微型涡轮机和燃料电池，有或没有热电联产设备，如水和空间加热和/或吸收式冷却。通过引入碳排放税，结果表明，如果允许μGrid安装支持CHP的DER技术，其碳排放量将比没有CHP的情况下减少更多，表明小规模CHP技术对减缓气候变化的潜在好处。具有热回收和/或吸收式冷却的往复式发动机对于温和的南加州气候而言往往是有吸引力的技术，但是由于加州中相对清洁的中心站发电的优势，与购买公用事业电力相比，碳减排往往是适度的。
This paper describes the economically optimal adoption and operation of distributed energy resources (DER) by a hypothetical California microgrid (μGrid) consisting of a group of commercial buildings over an historical test year, 1999. The optimization is conducted using a customer adoption model developed at Berkeley Lab and implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System. A μGrid is a semiautonomous grouping of electricity and heat loads interconnected with the existing utility grid (macrogrid) but able to island from it. The μGrid minimizes the cost of meeting its energy requirements (consisting of both electricity and heat loads) by optimizing the installation and operation of DER technologies while purchasing residual energy from the local combined natural gas and electricity utility. The available DER technologies are small-scale generators (<500 kW), such as reciprocating engines, microturbines, and fuel cells, with or without combined heat and power (CHP) equipment, such as water and space heating and/or absorption cooling. By introducing a tax on carbon emissions, it is shown that if the μGrid is allowed to install CHP-enabled DER technologies, its carbon emissions are mitigated more than without CHP, demonstrating the potential benefits of small-scale CHP technology for climate change mitigation. Reciprocating engines with heat recovery and/or absorption cooling tend to be attractive technologies for the mild southern California climate, but the carbon mitigation tends to be modest compared to purchasing utility electricity because of the predominance of relatively clean central station generation in California.