Decontextualized Utterances Contain More Typical and Stuttering-Like Disfluencies in Preschoolers Who Do and Do Not Stutter
Decontextualized Utterances Contain More Typical and Stuttering-Like Disfluencies in Preschoolers Who Do and Do Not Stutter
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在口吃和不口吃的学龄前儿童中，脱离语境的话语包含更多典型的、类似口吃的不流利现象
DOI：
10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00173
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bernstein Ratner, Nan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Oppenheimer, Kathleen E.;Lee, Jessica;Huang, Yi Ting;Bernstein Ratner, Nan
随着话语长度的增加，类口吃不流利现象和典型不流利现象都更容易发生。然而，较长和较短的话语之间的差异不仅仅是词素的数量：它们还可能具有不同的交际功能或描述不同的思想。脱离语境的语言，或描述“此时此地”之外的事件和概念的语言，与较长的话语有关。先前的研究表明，在非语境化的语境中采集的语言样本包含更多的不流利，但在整个语言样本中取平均值会在话语长度和非语境化之间产生混淆，从而导致口吃。我们编码的个人话语从自然主义的发挥样本来测试的假设，去语境化的语言导致增加不流利以上和超越话语长度的影响，MethodWe使用档案成绩单的语言样本从15个学龄前儿童口吃（CWS）和15个年龄和性别匹配的儿童谁不口吃（CWNS）。话语被编码为无论是语境化或decontextualized，我们使用混合效应逻辑回归的话语长度和decontextualization对SLDs和TDs.ResultsCWS的影响更容易口吃时，生产decontextualized话语，即使控制话语长度。去语境化和话语长度之间的相互作用表明，去语境化的效果是最短的话语。当控制CWS和CWNS的话语长度时，TDs在去语境化的话语中增加。解语境化对TD的影响在两组之间没有统计学差异。ConclusionsThe增加的工作记忆需求与解语境化的语言有助于增加语言规划的努力。这导致CWS和CWNS中的TD增加。根据口吃的多因素动态模型，增加的语言需求也可能有助于增加口吃的CWS由于他们的言语运动系统的不稳定性。
PurposeStuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) and typical disfluencies (TDs) are both more likely to occur as utterance length increases. However, longer and shorter utterances differ by more than the number of morphemes: They may also serve different communicative functions or describe different ideas. Decontextualized language, or language that describes events and concepts outside of the “here and now,” is associated with longer utterances. Prior work has shown that language samples taken in decontextualized contexts contain more disfluencies, but averaging across an entire language sample creates a confound between utterance length and decontextualization as contributors to stuttering. We coded individual utterances from naturalistic play samples to test the hypothesis that decontextualized language leads to increased disfluencies above and beyond the effects of utterance length.MethodWe used archival transcripts of language samples from 15 preschool children who stutter (CWS) and 15 age- and sex-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS). Utterances were coded as either contextualized or decontextualized, and we used mixed-effects logistic regression to investigate the impact of utterance length and decontextualization on SLDs and TDs.ResultsCWS were more likely to stutter when producing decontextualized utterances, even when controlling for utterance length. An interaction between decontextualization and utterance length indicated that the effect of decontextualization was greatest for shorter utterances. TDs increased in decontextualized utterances when controlling for utterance length for both CWS and CWNS. The effect of decontextualization on TDs did not differ statistically between the two groups.ConclusionsThe increased working memory demands associated with decontextualized language contribute to increased language planning effort. This leads to increased TD in CWS and CWNS. Under a multifactorial dynamic model of stuttering, the increased language demands may also contribute to increased stuttering in CWS due to instabilities in their speech motor systems.