Anxiety-related shifts in smell function in children and adolescents
Anxiety-related shifts in smell function in children and adolescents
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DOI：
10.1093/chemse/bjab051
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Danielson, Carla Kmett
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cortese, Bernadette M.;Uhde, Thomas W.;Danielson, Carla Kmett
无嗅觉成年人表现出嗅觉功能的变化，这与对特定气味的敏感性的持久转变相一致，而远离其他气味。关于这些变化的发展知之甚少，包括它们是否存在于青年时期，在从童年到青春期的过渡期间是否稳定，以及气味特性（例如三叉神经功能，享乐价）是否影响检测中与焦虑相关的差异。为了解决这一问题，我们测量了苯乙基丙氨酸（PEA），一种具有小三叉神经特性的玫瑰状气味剂，和愈创木酚（GUA），一种具有高三叉神经特性的烟雾状气味剂的气味检测阈值。这些阈值是在基线和急性压力挑战后测量的，特里尔社会压力测试，在131名健康青少年（4年级，7年级和10年级，年龄9-16岁）中报告正常到焦虑水平升高。在基线时，高度焦虑的年轻人表现出对GUA的敏感性增加，对PEA的敏感性降低，以及急性应激进一步夸大这种偏见。重要的是，性别，年龄和享乐价调节特质焦虑和敏感性之间的关系，这两种气味。在压力和焦虑生物标志物的文献中，神经功能及其畸变经常被忽视。与现存文献一起，这些发现表明，更大的关注是值得的，以表征潜在的新的嗅觉治疗目标，在整个生命周期。
Anxious adults show changes in smell function that are consistent with a durable shift in sensitivity toward particular odorants and away from others. Little is known regarding the development of these changes, including whether they exist in youth, are stable during the transition from childhood to adolescence, and whether odorant properties (e.g. trigeminal features, hedonic valence) affect anxiety-related differences in detection. To address this, we measured smell detection thresholds to phenyl ethyl alanine (PEA), a rose-like odorant with little trigeminal properties, and guaiacol (GUA), a smoke-like odorant with high trigeminal properties. These thresholds were measured at baseline and after an acute stress challenge, the Trier Social Stress Tests, in 131 healthy youth (in 4th, 7th, and 10th grades, age 9-16 years) that reported normal to elevated levels of anxiety. At baseline, high anxious youth exhibited heightened sensitivity to GUA coupled with reduced sensitivity to PEA, as well as a further exaggeration of this bias with acute stress. Importantly, sex, age, and hedonic valence moderated the relationship between trait anxiety and sensitivity to both odorants. Smell function and its aberrations are often overlooked in the literature on biomarkers of stress and anxiety. Taken together with the extant literature, these findings suggest that greater attention is warranted to characterize potential novel olfactory therapeutic targets-across the lifespan.