Mixed Freight Dynamic Routing Using a Co-Simulation Optimization Approach
Mixed Freight Dynamic Routing Using a Co-Simulation Optimization Approach
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DOI：
10.1109/tits.2021.3117931
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发表时间：
2022-08
影响因子：
8.5
通讯作者：
Pengfei Chen;P. Ioannou;M. Dessouky
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Pengfei Chen;P. Ioannou;M. Dessouky
目前的货运网络是高度不平衡的，因为路由决策是由单个用户在没有协调的情况下做出的。当基于当前交通信息选择某些路线时，某些路线可能变得拥塞，而没有任何预期，如果其他用户也这样做，这些路线可能变得拥塞。在本文中，我们展示了一个集中协调的负载平衡系统，认为所有车辆都是柴油车，可以考虑电动卡车作为混合车队。电动卡车由于范围的限制、电池的充电时间以及电池充电对交通条件的依赖性而施加了额外的约束。作为系统的一部分，使用联合仿真方法来解决这些非线性依赖关系，并为优化部分提供更现实的成本估计。使用现实道路网络的交通模拟结果揭示了应用负载平衡的好处，并表明随着电动卡车数量的增加，排放量减少;然而，由于充电成本，其运营成本不一定低于相应的柴油卡车。为了让电动卡车与柴油竞争，充电应该在司机下班时进行，因为充电成本包括等待司机的劳动力成本。研究还表明，考虑混合车队中电动卡车特征的集中协调卡车路线系统可以降低卡车的运营成本，并鼓励部署电动卡车，以减少排放并改善空气质量。
The current freight transportation network is highly unbalanced as routing decisions are made by individual users without coordination. Certain routes may become congested when chosen based on current traffic information without any anticipation that if other users do the same, these routes may become congested. In this paper we show how a centrally coordinated load balancing system that considers all vehicles to be diesel can take into account electric trucks as mixed fleets. The electric trucks impose additional constraints due to the limitation of range, charging time of batteries as well as the dependency of the battery charge on traffic conditions. The use of a co-simulation approach as part of the system accounts for these nonlinear dependencies and provides more realistic cost estimates for the optimization part. Traffic simulation results using a realistic road network reveal the benefits of applying load balancing and show that as the number of electric trucks increases, the emissions reduce; however, due to the cost of charging, their operational costs are not necessarily less than those of the corresponding diesel trucks. For the electric trucks to compete with diesel, charging should occur when drivers are off duty since the cost of charging includes the labor cost of the waiting driver. It is also shown that a centrally coordinated truck routing system that considers the characteristics of electric trucks in mixed fleets can reduce the operational cost of trucks and encourage the deployment of electric trucks in order to reduce emissions and improve air quality.