A Thirteenth Amendment Framework for Combating Racial Profiling
A Thirteenth Amendment Framework for Combating Racial Profiling
复制标题
打击种族歧视的第十三修正案框架
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. William
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Carter;M. William
执法人员利用种族问题将某些人单独列为犯罪嫌疑人（“种族貌相”），这是一个备受关注和辩论的问题。这篇文章提供了对种族貌相的新理解。虽然学者们正确地得出结论，种族貌相应被视为违反第四修正案，第十四修正案的平等保护条款，和现有的联邦法规，这篇文章认为，使用种族作为犯罪的代理也是违反第十三修正案的奴隶制的徽章和事件。种族貌相不仅是对平等待遇权的否认，而且也是所有非洲裔美国人作为犯罪倾向的历史污名化的当前表现。这种在法律上强制执行的耻辱产生于奴隶制和维持奴隶制所必需的社会结构，并且对奴隶制和维持奴隶制所必需的社会结构至关重要。法院错误地将种族貌相的现代做法与其历史根源分离开来，而只关注个别案件中个别警官的主观意图。法院这样做误解和低估了种族貌相造成的伤害;没有承认种族貌相的系统性和历史基础;没有提供有效的救济。第十三条修正案规定，法院和国会有权纠正美国奴隶制度造成的不平等遗产。
Law enforcement officers’ use of race to single persons out for criminal suspicion (“racial profiling”) is the subject of much scrutiny and debate. This Article provides a new understanding of racial profiling. While scholars have correctly concluded that racial profiling should be considered a violation of the Fourth Amendment, the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, and existing federal statutes, this Article contends that the use of race as a proxy for criminality is also a badge and incident of slavery in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment.Racial profiling is not only a denial of the right to equal treatment, but also a current manifestation of the historical stigmatization of all African Americans as predisposed toward criminality. This legally enforced stigma arose out of, and was essential to, slavery and the social structures necessary to maintain slavery. Courts have wrongly divorced the modern practice of racial profiling from its historical roots and instead focused solely on the subjective intent of individual police officers in discrete cases. By doing so, courts have misunderstood and undervalued the injuries inflicted by racial profiling; failed to acknowledge the systemic, historical bases of racial profiling; and failed to provide effective relief. The Thirteenth Amendment provides both courts and Congress with the authority to remedy this legacy of inequality arising from the slave system in the United States.