Ethnic Differences in the First Drinking Experience
Ethnic Differences in the First Drinking Experience
复制标题
首次饮酒体验的种族差异
DOI：
10.2307/798629
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发表时间：
1960
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
A. D. Ullman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. D. Ullman
在一篇未发表的论文中，作者提出了一个成瘾的一般模型，如下：关于某项活动或某种物质（例如酒精）的使用的冲突价值观会导致行为者或使用者的矛盾心理。矛盾心理影响他们对活动或物质体验的看法，使他们感到焦虑或恐惧。焦虑或恐惧实现了矛盾心理中隐含的负面情绪的预言。然而，活动的结果是暂时减少焦虑或恐惧，随后又增加。当对活动或物质的矛盾心理的消极方面受到抑制时，就会出现强迫性重复（I3）。该模型提供了从社会文化系统到人格系统的过渡，其方式已在引用的著作中进行了详细描述。
In an unpublished paper, the writer has presented a general model of addiction as follows: Conflicting values with reference to an activity or the use of a substance (such as alcohol) results in ambivalence in actors or users. Ambivalence influences their perceptions of experiences with the activity or substance so that they are anxious or fearful in them. Anxiety or fear fulfill the prophecy of negative feelings which is implicit in ambivalence. However, the result of the activity is temporary anxiety-reduction or fear-reduction followed by an increase. Compulsive repetitio-n occurs when negative aspects of ambivalence toward the activity or substance are repressed (I3). The model provides for transition from the sociocultural to the personality systems in a manner which has been described in some detail in the work cited.