Aluminium-based glassy alloys
Aluminium-based glassy alloys
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作者：
R. Cahn
三个独立团体在过去两年中宣布推出了一种新的铝基玻璃合金系列，引起了人们的广泛兴趣。这些合金既坚固又具有延展性，可能会在其他金属玻璃令人失望地失败的技术应用中取得成功。此外，正如杜波依斯及其同事最近描述的那样，这些玻璃不符合熟悉的理论，它们的成分有时类似于五年前发现的非凡准晶体，从而引发了重要的新科学问题。自 1960 年 Duwez 及其合作者发现金属玻璃（或玻璃合金）以来，人们对其进行了深入研究。 “玻璃”一词优先于“无定形固体”使用，以表明杜韦兹通过从熔体快速冷却来制造其革命性材料的事实：术语“玻璃合金”优于“金属玻璃”，因为所有此类玻璃都必须是合金，因为纯金属无法制成玻璃状结晶，即使冷却速率高达 108 oc s-1 也会发生玻璃结晶。无论命名法如何，过去三十年研究的例子几乎都是由过渡金属制成，或者与其他过渡金属或类金属，如硼、磷和硅”。除了钙镁玻璃和过渡金属铍组合等一些另类的好奇心之外，直到最近还没有发现其他类型的玻璃。发现新合金背后的驱动力首先是老式的科学好奇心，其次是需要找到可以利用机械强度的玻璃合金。与玻璃增强塑料中广泛使用的脆性氧化物玻璃不同，玻璃合金不仅非常坚固，而且通常具有延展性，但
Anew family of glassy alloys based on aluminium, announced by three independent groups'-'over the past two years, is eliciting much interest. Being both strong and ductile, the alloys may succeed in technical applications where other metallic glasses have disappointingly failed. Furthermore, as described recently by Dubois and colleagues', these glasses do not fit familiar theories and their compositions sometimes resemble those of the remarkable quasicrystals discovered five years ago, prompting important new scientific questions. Metallic glasses (or glassy alloys) have been studied intensively since their discovery in 1960 by Duwez and his collaborators. The term'glass' is used in preference to'amorphous solid'to denote the fact that Duwez made his revolutionary materials by rapid cooling from the melt: the term'glassy alloy'is preferable to'metallic glass' because all such glasses have to be alloys as pure metals cannot be made glassy-crystallization occurs even for cooling rates as high as 108 oc s-1• Whatever the nomenclature, the examples studied during the past three decades were almost all made of transition metals, alloyed either with other transition metals or with metalloids such as boron, phosphorus and silicon'. Apart from a few offbeat curiosities such as calciummagnesium glasses and transition-metalberyllium combinations, no other types of glass have been found-until recently. The driving forces behind the discovery of the new alloys were first, old-fashioned scientific curiosity and second, the need to find glassy alloys whose mechanical strength can be exploited. Unlike the brittle oxide glasses widely used in glassreinforced plastics, glassy alloys are not only very strong but also often ductile, yet