Cognitive functions associated with developing prefrontal cortex during adolescence and developmental neuropsychiatric disorders
Cognitive functions associated with developing prefrontal cortex during adolescence and developmental neuropsychiatric disorders
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.007
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发表时间：
2019-11
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
T. Sakurai;Nao J. Gamo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Sakurai;Nao J. Gamo
包括社会认知在内的认知功能在青春期显著改善，在这段时间里，大脑通常会处理来自外部环境的大量信息。处理信息和应对环境挑战使前额叶皮质--大脑中对认知至关重要的区域--进一步成熟，建立自我认同、社交技能和其他认知能力，从而帮助个人在社会中发挥作用。具有易受遗传或早期环境侮辱的电路的人，可能无法适当地处理社交情况，并发展网络功能障碍，可能导致精神分裂症的发作，这一时期经常发生。患精神分裂症风险较高的人群甚至在精神障碍发作之前就已经出现了包括认知缺陷在内的“前驱”表型。当前额叶皮质特别脆弱时，调节电路的可塑性使我们能够支持这些人群的认知功能发展，并防止他们转变为完全的精神分裂症。为了使这种方法成功，我们需要同时进行人类和动物研究，以更好地了解这种疾病背后的神经生物学，特别是可能与临床相关的疾病轨迹上发生的变化。通过采取多学科的方法，未来精神分裂症的精准医学是有希望的。
Cognitive functions including social cognition improve significantly during adolescence, the time period during which the brain typically handles a large volume of incoming information from the outside environment. Processing information and responding to environmental challenges allow the prefrontal cortex, a brain region important for cognition, to mature further and establish self-identity, social skills, and other cognitive abilities, thus helping individuals to function in society. People with vulnerable circuitries predisposed by either genetic or early environmental insults, may not be able to deal with social situations appropriately, and develop network dysfunction that may lead to the onset of schizophrenia, which often occurs during this period. Populations with higher risk for developing schizophrenia present “prodromal” phenotypes, including cognitive deficits, even before the onset of the disorder. Modulating circuit plasticity when the prefrontal cortex is particularly vulnerable allows us to support the development of cognitive functions in such populations and prevent them from transitioning into full-blown schizophrenia. For this approach to be successful, we need to conduct both human and animal studies side by side to better understand the neurobiology underlying the disorder, especially changes that occur over the disease trajectory that may be clinically relevant. By taking a multidisciplinary approach, there is a hope for precision medicine for schizophrenia in the future.