The hunting complex seen by archaeozoology: revision of the North-South dichotomy and confirmation of the functional partition within the southern sites
The hunting complex seen by archaeozoology: revision of the North-South dichotomy and confirmation of the functional partition within the southern sites
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DOI：
10.3406/bspf.2011.13994
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
0.3
通讯作者：
Brehard, Stephanie
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文献类型：
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作者：
Brehard, Stephanie
大部分已发表的关于南部Chasseen（新石器时代中期）的考古学工作，以及对经济制度、畜牧业和文化选择的解释，都是基于在洞穴和岩石掩体中发现的动物群。由于对露天场地知之甚少，这给人一种关于Chasseen畜牧系统的错误印象。南部的查西恩仍然与绵羊和山羊紧密相连，与以牛为主的北方查西恩相反。如果牛在关于南部查森的作品中被提及，那是与象征主义领域有关的。人们对露天定居点的习俗和生计活动及其在Chasseen畜牧系统中的作用也知之甚少。对罗纳河谷中部三个大型露天遗址的完整考古学研究和对西埃涅多克第四个露天定居点的研究正在进行中，这使我们对这一文化的了解有所提高。所研究的地点是圣保罗三堡的Les Moulins、罗纳新堡的La Roberte、蒙特利马尔的Le Gournier（E-F区）和卡尔卡松的Auriac。他们位于低冲积平原（罗纳河和奥德河谷），并在后期Chasseen。目前的工作首先有助于纠正的印象，北方和南部Chasseen有不同的动物开发系统。这表明，牛在南方经济体系中发挥了重要作用。事实上，牛在所研究的一个露天定居点的动物群谱中占主导地位，在所研究的另外两个地点的动物群谱中，山羊和牛的比例相等。为了在大尺度上比较不同的畜牧业系统，我们收集了新石器时代中期第二阶段遗址的动物区系谱。原始数据已通过对应分析进行处理。这项工作表明，畜牧业系统的北方和南部查辛之间的差异变得不那么明显，一旦从南部露天网站的数据。在北方和南部查西恩之间还观察到其他一些相似之处。例如，法国南部的牛与北方的牛相比被描述为小型动物。从四个露天定居点研究的骨骼测量数据的分析表明，大型牛也存在于南部地区。对这四个露天定居点（第一个是在法国南部新石器时代早期和中期大量建立的定居点）的牛群分布模式的分析也表明，牛奶开采遍布整个查西恩地区，这项工作也证实了南部查西恩遗址内存在功能分区。首先，对应分析的基础上的动物区系谱显示两个不同的组内南部查西恩：洞穴和岩石住房的职业一方面和露天网站上的其他。山羊在前者中发挥了重要作用，而牛与绵羊和山羊一样重要。由于畜牧业系统和网站的类型是统计依赖（卡方检验），这种分区很可能是链接到不同的功能。应当记住，最近在分析畜群管理战略（山羊和牛）的基础上，强调了露天定居点与洞穴和岩石庇护所之间的互补和交换制度。事实上，大多数洞穴和岩石庇护所在查森时期都有非常特殊的功能，（它们作为绵羊和山羊的准专属分娩场所，几乎只用于圈养动物）解释了长期以来盛行的Chasseen畜牧系统的错误印象。（对数大小指数），也表明大型牛在几个Chasseen露天定居点得到证实，而它们在当代洞穴和岩石庇护所中缺席（在目前的知识状态下）。由于来自露天场地的牛群与来自洞穴和岩石庇护所的牛群之间的大小差异具有统计学显著性（学生检验），这表明在查辛时期，牛群的组成根据场地类型而不同。这证实了南部Chasseen场址内存在功能分区。然而，情况更为复杂，因为一些露天定居点，如圣保罗三堡的Les Moulins，并不产大型牛。为了了解Chasseen组织，应考虑该网站的功能以及网站的类型。在露天定居点的研究，它表明，大型牛不是欧洲野牛。阉割动物的假设更有可能。由于在这四个地点，牛骨的形态异常是非常罕见的，我们建议阉割的目的是生产阉牛，而不是耕牛。Chasseen牧民选择大公牛的象征意义也是可能的，特别是在罗纳河谷中部的大型定居点，这些定居点被认为是区域领土的中心。这些结果强烈表明，法国南部的Chasseen领土的组织是基于不同类型的网站（洞穴、岩石掩蔽所、各种规模的露天场所），具有不同的功能，在某些情况下可以互补。
Most of the archaeozoological work published for the southern Chasseen (Middle Neolithic) and, therefore, interpretations in terms of economic systems, pastoral practices and cultural choices, is based on faunal assemblages discovered in caves and rock shelters. As open-air sites are poorly known, this gives a false impression of the Chasseen husbandry system. The southern Chasseen is still strongly associated with sheep and goats, in opposition to the northern Chasseen, where cattle are dominant. If cattle are mentioned in work regarding the southern Chasseen, it is rather in relation to the realm of symbolism. The practices and subsistence activities which the open-air settlements accommodated as well as their role in the Chasseen pastoral systems are also very poorly understood. The complete archaeozoological study of three large open-air sites from the middle Rhone valley and the study in progress of a fourth open-air settlement in western Languedoc enable our knowledge about this culture to be improved. The sites studied are Les Moulins at Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux, La Roberte at Chateauneuf-du-Rhone, Le Gournier at Montelimar (area E-F) and Auriac at Carcassonne. They are located on low alluvial plains (Rhone and Aude valleys) and were occupied during the late Chasseen.The present work first contributes to correcting the impression that the northern and the southern Chasseen had distinct animal exploitation systems. It is demonstrated that cattle played a significant role in the southern economic systems. Indeed, cattle dominate the faunal spectrum of one of the open-air settlements studied and caprines and bovines are found in equal proportions in the faunal spectra of two other sites studied. In order to compare husbandry systems on a large scale, the faunal spectra of the sites occupied during the second part of the Middle Neolithic were collected. The raw data have been processed by correspondence analyses. This work shows that the differences between the husbandry systems of the northern and southern Chasseen become less marked once data from southern open-air sites are added. Several others similarities are observed between the northern and southern Chasseen. The cattle from the southern part of France were for example described as small animals in comparison with the northern population. The analysis of osteometric data from the four open-air settlements studied demonstrates that large bovines also existed in the southern region. The analysis of the cattle kill-off patterns established for these four open-air settlements (the first to have been established based on sizeable numbers for the Early and Middle Neolithic in the southern half of France) also indicates that milk exploitation was spread throughout the Chasseen territory.This work also confirms that a functional partition existed within the southern Chasseen sites. First, the correspondence analyses based on the faunal spectra show two distinct groups within the southern Chasseen: cave and rock shelter occupations on the one hand and open-air sites on the other. Caprines played a major role for the former, whereas cattle were as important as sheep and goats for the southern open-air sites. As the husbandry system and the type of site are statistically dependent (Chi-square test), this partition is likely to be linked to distinct functions. It should be remembered that systems of complementarity and exchange have recently been highlighted between open-air settlements and cave and rock shelter occupations, based on the analyses of herd management strategies (for caprines and for cattle). The fact that most of the caves and rock shelters had a very specialized function during the Chasseen (they served as quasi-exclusive birthing places for sheep and goats and were used almost only for penning the animals) explains the false impression of the Chasseen husbandry system that has prevailed for so long.The analysis of osteometric data for the southern cattle, based on LSI (Logarithm Size Index), also demonstrates that large bovines are attested on several Chasseen open-air settlements while they are absent in the contemporary caves and rock shelters (in the current state of knowledge). As the difference of size between the bovines from the open-air sites and the ones from the caves and rock shelters is statistically significant (Student test), it suggests that the composition of cattle herds was distinct according to the type of site during the Chasseen period. This confirms the existence of a functional partition within the southern Chasseen sites. However, the picture is even more complex as some open-air settlements, like Les Moulins at Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux, do not yield large bovines. The function of the site should then be taken into account as well as the type of site in order to understand the Chasseen organization. On the open-air settlements studied, it is shown that the large bovines were not aurochs. The hypothesis of castrated animals is more likely. As, on these four sites, morphological abnormalities are very rare on cattle bones, we propose that the aim of castration was to product steers rather than draught cattle. The selection of large bulls by Chasseen herders for their symbolic meaning is also likely, in particular on the large settlements from the middle Rhone valley, which are believed to be central places in the regional territory.These results strongly suggest that the organization of the Chasseen territories in the southern part of France was based on different types of sites (caves, rock shelters, open-air sites of various sizes) with distinct functions that could in some cases be complementary.