Problems associated with traditional hygiene swabbing: the need for in-house standardization
Problems associated with traditional hygiene swabbing: the need for in-house standardization
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03330.x
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Griffith, C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moore, G.;Griffith, C.
目的：研究影响传统擦拭技术表面微生物回收的因素。方法和结果：不锈钢方块接种已知水平(约。2.7x10(2)-2.7x10(4))大肠杆菌或金黄色葡萄球菌，并用不同的拭子/溶液组合取样。用琼脂覆盖优惠券，可以计数留在表面的菌落。常规培养被用来确定细菌从拭子中释放的容易程度和在24小时内溶液中的生物体的生存能力。当样品储存在4摄氏度时，细菌生长最少。在室温下，虽然营养物质的存在随着时间的推移显著增加细菌数量，但向营养耗尽的环境中添加吐温80显著降低了葡萄球菌的生存能力。金星。从直接接种的拭子中释放出的细菌的百分比明显高于从表面拭子中回收的细菌的百分比，这突显了有效去除表面细菌污染物的重要性。提高擦拭过程中产生的机械能水平会增加从潮湿表面去除的细菌数量。然而，据推测，细胞损伤可能是由擦拭动作本身造成的，可能降低了从干燥表面恢复的能力。然而，有效去除表面细菌的能力的增强并不一定与更高的细菌回收率相关，这意味着擦拭效率的另一个同样重要的因素是棉签有效地将细菌释放到稀释液中的能力。结论：棉签和润湿液都会影响回收的细菌数量。在这里描述的实验条件下，将涂有刷子质地的尼龙绒的棉签与非生长促进型润湿液结合使用似乎是采样潮湿表面时使用的最佳系统。然而，这种组合并不总是理想的，必须适当考虑如何在分析之前采集、运输和储存样本。这项研究的意义和影响：仔细选择拭子材料可以提高传统微生物分析的灵敏度。然而，与棉签技术整体表现不佳相比，所做的任何改进都可能微不足道。
Aims: To investigate factors influencing the recovery of micro-organisms from surfaces using traditional swabbing techniques.Methods and Results: Stainless steel squares were inoculated with known levels (approx. 2.7 x 10(2)-2.7 x 10(4)) of either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus and sampled using different swab/solution combinations. Overlaying the coupons with agar allowed colonies remaining on the surface to be enumerated. Conventional cultivation was used to determine the ease with which the bacteria were released from the swabs and the viability of the organisms within the solutions over a 24-h period. Minimal bacterial growth occurred when the samples were stored at 4 degrees C. At room temperature, whilst the presence of nutrients significantly increased bacterial numbers over time, the addition of Tween 80 to nutrient depleted environments significantly reduced the viability of Staph. aureus. The percentage of bacteria released from directly inoculated swabs was significantly higher than that recovered from surface swabs, highlighting the importance of effectively removing bacterial contaminants from a surface. Increasing the level of mechanical energy generated during swabbing increased the number of bacteria removed from a wet surface. However, it is hypothesized that cellular damage, perhaps caused by the swabbing action itself, may have reduced recoverability from a dry surface. Nonetheless, an increased ability to effectively remove bacteria from a surface did not necessarily correlate with higher bacterial recovery, implying that an equally important factor in terms of swabbing efficiency is the ability of a swab to effectively release bacteria into a diluent.Conclusions: Both swab and wetting solution can influence the number of bacteria recovered. Under the experimental conditions described here, the use of swabs coated with a brush-textured nylon flock in combination with a non-growth-enhancing wetting solution appeared the best system to use when sampling a wet surface. However, this combination may not always be ideal and proper consideration must be given to how the sample is to be taken, transported and, if necessary, stored prior to analysis.Significance and Impact of the Study: Careful selection of swabbing materials can increase the sensitivity of traditional microbiological analysis. However, any improvements made are likely to be insignificant in relation to the overall poor performance of the swabbing technique.