Climate change with increasing seawater temperature will challenge the health of farmed Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Climate change with increasing seawater temperature will challenge the health of farmed Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2023.1232580
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发表时间：
2023-09
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
E. Ytteborg;Lynne Falconer;Aleksei Krasnov;L. Johansen;Gerrit Timmerhaus;G. Johansson;S. Afanasyev;V. Høst;S. Hjøllo;Øyvind J. Hansen;C. Lazado
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作者：
E. Ytteborg;Lynne Falconer;Aleksei Krasnov;L. Johansen;Gerrit Timmerhaus;G. Johansson;S. Afanasyev;V. Høst;S. Hjøllo;Øyvind J. Hansen;C. Lazado
水产养殖是世界上增长最快的食品生产部门之一，预计在整个世纪将进一步扩大。然而，气候变化正在威胁该行业的发展，需要采取行动使该行业为即将到来的挑战做好准备。使用基于政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）气候预测（共享社会经济途径，SSP 2 -4.5）的降尺度温度预测，我们分析了选定的大西洋鳕鱼（Gadus morhua L.）挪威北方的一个农场。结果表明，农业区可能会在未来10-15年内经历气温上升，包括更多的气温高于17°C的日子。根据预测的未来条件，我们设计了一个研究，大西洋鳕鱼（Gadus morhua L.）评价高温单独和与诺氏弗朗西斯菌感染联合作用的影响。将鱼在12°C和17°C下保持8周，并用转录组学、组织学、扫描电子显微镜和免疫组织化学分析在不同时间点收集的皮肤和脾脏样品。结果表明，高温对皮肤屏障功能的影响大于感染。温度升高诱导的皮肤和脾脏基因表达变化，热休克蛋白47和冷诱导RNA结合蛋白被确定为热应激的潜在基因标记。在12°C下，细菌挑战的影响很小。在高温条件下，脾脏严重病变的发生与免疫球蛋白转录水平的显著下降相一致，与多个免疫基因的激活形成对比。此外，我们使用了体外模型的皮肤活检和规模外植体暴露于过氧化氢（H2 O2），以评估热和氧化应激的影响。高温和H2 O2降低了角膜基质细胞的增殖和迁移，增加了应激标志物的表达，并观察到复合效应与联合应激。结果表明，预计海水温度升高将对挪威鳕鱼养殖业构成重大威胁，影响各种生物过程，使鱼类更容易受到压力和病原体的影响。鳕鱼养殖需要高度关注温度变化，如果温度超过鳕鱼的最适温度，应采取特别预防措施。
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food production sectors in the world and further expansion is expected throughout the 21st century. However, climate change is threatening the development of the sector and action is needed to prepare the industry for the coming challenges. Using downscaled temperature projections based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate projection (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, SSP2-4.5), we analysed potential future temperatures at a selected Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) farm site in Northern Norway. Results showed that the farming area may experience increased temperatures the next 10–15 years, including more days with temperatures above 17°C. Based on the predicted future conditions, we designed a study with Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to evaluate effects from high temperature alone and in combination with Fransicella noatunensis infection. Fish were kept at 12°C and 17°C for eight weeks and samples of skin and spleen collected at different timepoints were analysed with transcriptomics, histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that high temperature had a stronger effect on the barrier functions of skin than the infection. Increased temperature induced gene expression changes in skin and spleen, heat shock protein 47 and cold inducible RNA binding protein were identified as potential gene markers for thermal stress. The effect of bacterial challenge was small at 12°C. At high temperature, the development of severe pathology in spleen coincided with a significant decrease of immunoglobulins transcripts, which contrasted with the activation of multiple immune genes. In addition, we used an in vitro model of skin biopsies and scale explants exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to assess the effects of thermal and oxidative stress. High temperature and H2O2 reduced proliferation and migration of keratocytes, and increased expression of stress markers, and compounding effects were observed with combined stressors. Results suggest that the projected increased seawater temperature will pose a significant threat to Norwegian cod farming, affecting various biological processes and making fish more vulnerable to stressors and pathogens. Cod farming needs high attention to temperature changes, and special precautions should be taken if the temperature increases beyond cods’ thermal optimum.