Loons and the Risk of Extinction in a Warming, Toxic World
Loons and the Risk of Extinction in a Warming, Toxic World
复制标题
潜鸟与变暖、有毒世界中的灭绝风险
DOI：
10.1086/719616
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Brosemer, Kathleen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Langston, Nancy;Brosemer, Kathleen
常见水鸟(Gavia Immer)是一种在北方湖泊繁殖的迁徙水鸟，已成为北方湖泊国家的灵魂。正如《国家地理》的一名记者所写的那样，“对许多北美人来说，候鸟是一种备受喜爱的鸟类，它们独特的、令人难以忘怀的哀号在夏季繁殖的北部湖泊上空回荡，象征着深林荒野的孤独。”117这篇文章探讨了野生自然观念的变化与鸟类灭绝风险不断增加之间的矛盾。我们认为，白人定居者关于山雀和偏远荒野之间存在联系的信念，影响了野生动物管理者对待山鸟的方式。从历史上看，具有特殊洞察力和洞察力的原住民观点对潜鸟野生动物管理的影响较小。最初，定居者与野鸟和野性的联系导致了一场消灭野鸟的运动。现在，这种关联导致了相反的结果：保护鸟巢和恢复栖息地的努力。然而，鸟类和荒野之间的联系可能会掩盖有关有毒物质、化石燃料燃烧和采掘业的政治决定对数千英里外繁殖的鸟类种群的影响。奥杜邦最近的报告《渐进式生存：389种濒临灭绝的鸟类》发现，如果气候变暖37摄氏度，北美有389种鸟类(604种)很容易灭绝。当气温升高27度时，超过一半的人可能会崩溃。根据康奈尔大学的一项研究，已经有1180亿只鸟“失踪”。119大约有25.8万对普通的黄蜂在北美繁殖，其中约94%在加拿大筑巢。这些数字表明，土拨鼠还没有濒临灭绝，但生物学家警告说，气候变化对它们的种群构成了重大威胁，在一些气候模型下，灭绝的风险接近100%。120
Common loons (Gavia immer), a migratory waterbird that breeds in northern lakes, have come to represent the soul of northern lake country. As a journalist for National Geographic writes,“For many North Americans, loons are a much-beloved bird, symbolizing the solitude of the deep-woods wilderness with their distinctive, haunting wail that echoes over the northern lakes where they breed in summertime.” 117 This essay explores tensions between changing ideas of wild nature and the growing risks of avian extinction. We argue that White settler beliefs about an association between loons and remote wilderness have influenced the ways wildlife managers have treated loons. Indigenous perspectives on loons as kin, with special powers of vision and insight, have historically had less influence on loon wildlife management. Initially, the settler association with loons and wildness led to a campaign to exterminate loons. Now, the association leads to the opposite: efforts to protect loon nests and restore habitat. Yet an association between loons and wilderness may obscure the ways that political decisions about toxic substances, fossil fuel combustion, and extractive industries affect loon populations breeding thousands of miles away. Audubon’s recent report “Survival by Degrees: 389 Bird Species on the Brink” found that 389 North American species (out of 604) are vulnerable to extinction if the climate warms by 37C. At 27 warming, over half could crash. 118 Billions of birds are already “missing,” according to one Cornell study. 119 About 258,000 pairs of common loons breed in North America, with about 94 percent nesting in Canada. These numbers suggest that loons aren’t yet on the verge of extinction, but biologists warn that climate change poses major threats to their populations, with the risk of extinction approaching 100 percent under some climate models. 120