Observations on the effect of visual and olfactory ablation on the swimming behavior of migrating adult chum salmon,Oncorhynchus keta
Observations on the effect of visual and olfactory ablation on the swimming behavior of migrating adult chum salmon,Oncorhynchus keta
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视觉和嗅觉消融对成年鲑鱼洄游行为影响的观察
DOI：
10.1007/bf02905635
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Akira Nakamura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Yano;Akira Nakamura
1979 ~ 1981年在北海道鄂霍次克凯塔沃茨用超声波遥测技术对大麻哈鱼的行为进行了研究。36条成鱼配备了一个50 KHz的超声波发射器，提供了一个深度传感器，深度/照明传感器，或深度/温度传感器。21条实验鱼被用作对照，并保持完整。在剩下的鱼中，有六条视力被破坏，七条嗅觉神经被切断或鼻孔被蜡填满，一条两种感觉都被破坏，还有一条做了假手术，但只在嗅觉神经上的皮肤上做了一个浅的横向切口。对照鱼和假手术的鱼最初以水平之字形模式游泳，而感觉消失的鱼以类似的模式游泳，但程度降低。正常鱼的水平速度和垂直速度都比感官受损的鱼快。完整的鱼的垂直运动幅度从表面延伸到底部，而鱼与破坏的视觉倾向于向中层。没有嗅觉的鱼往往在水面或接近底部。有规律的垂直运动对更新嗅上皮细胞是有效的，当暴露于一种气味时，嗅上皮细胞可能会变得适应。在沿岸和近海岸迁移的水平之字形运动中，以及在归巢的溪流阶段，都可以发现垂直运动。水平和垂直的锯齿形运动使鱼类能够感知水团并找到正确的支流。鲑鱼从海洋觅食地迁移到其母溪产卵地涉及在公海、沿海水域和溪流中的定向和归巢能力（Neave，1964年; Quinn和Groot，1984年）。沃茨。哈斯勒和维斯比在1951年提出了这种河流迁移最后阶段的归巢能力的嗅觉基础，提出幼鲑鱼被其纳塔尔河流的独特化学气味所印记，成鱼利用长期的嗅觉记忆在产卵迁移过程中找到它们的家。1954年，Wisby和Hasler进行了第一次系统的实地实验，证实了银鲑（Oncorhynchus kisutch）的嗅觉假设，后来Quinn等人在1989年证实了这一假设。随后的研究也显示了类似的结果，褐鳟鱼，萨尔莫trutta（希勒，1959年），内陆红鲑，O。nerka（Lorz and Northcote，1965），chum salmon，O.凯塔（Hiyama等人，1966）、奇努克鲑（chinook salmon）、O. tshawytscha（格罗夫斯等人，1968; DeLacy等人，1969）和cutthroat trout，O. clarki（= S. clarki）（Jahn，1969）。在淡水洄游期，银鲑
The behavior of chum slamon, Oncorhynchus keta, was studied using ultrasonic telemetry in the waters off the Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido from 1979 to 1981. Thirty-six adult fish were outfitted with a 50KHz ultrasonic transmitter provided with either a depth sensor, depth/illumination sensors, or depth/temperature sensors. Twenty-one of the experimental fish were used as controls and left intact. Of the remaining fish, six had their sight destroyed, seven had their olfactory nerves severed or their nares filled with wax, one had both senses destroyed, and one had a sham operation, but had only a shallow transverse cut made in the skin over the olfactory nerves. Control fish and the fish with the sham operation initially swam in a horizontal zigzag pattern while fish with an obliterated sense swam in a similar pattern but to a reduced extent. The horizontal and vertical speeds of the intact fish were faster than those of the fish with a destroyed sense. Amplitude of vertical movements of the intact fish stretched from surface to bottom, while fish with destroyed vision tended towards midwater. Fish without an olfactory sense tended to be at the surface or near the bottom. Regular vertical movement would be effective in refreshing olfactory epithelia which might become acclimated when exposed to one odor. The vertical movements can be found in the horizontal zigzag movements in coastal and near shore migrations, as well as in the stream phase of homing. The zigzag movements, both horizontal and vertical, allow the fish to sense the water masses and locate the correct tributary.The migration of salmon from oceanic feeding grounds to their home stream spawning site involves orientation and homing ability in the open ocean, coastal waters, and streams (Neave, 1964; Quinn and Groot, 1984). An olfactory basis for this homing ability for the final stages of riverine migration was presented by Hasler and Wisby in 1951, proposing that juvenile salmon become imprinted with the distinctive chemical odor of their natal stream and adult fish utilize long-term olfactory memory to locate their home stream during the spawning migration. In 1954, Wisby and Hasler conducted the first systematic field experiment confirming this olfactory hypothesis in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, later demonstrated the hypothesis by Quinn et al. in 1989. Subsequent studies have shown similar findings for brown trout, Salmo trutta (Shearer, 1959), landlocked sockeye salmon, O. nerka (Lorz and Northcote, 1965), chum salmon, O. keta (Hiyama et al., 1966), chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha (Groves et al., 1968; DeLacy et al., 1969), and cutthroat trout, O. clarki (= S. clarki)(Jahn, 1969). During the freshwater homing phase, coho salmon