Landslide disaster mitigation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Landslide disaster mitigation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
复制标题
DOI：
10.1659/mrd.mm068
复制
发表时间：
2010-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Petley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Petley
毫无疑问，三峡大坝和水库工程是过去50年来最不平凡的工程项目之一。该工程的统计数据令人印象深刻-大坝高185米，长2.3公里，混凝土超过2700万吨，钢材超过46万吨;水库将容纳近40公里的水，表面积为1045公里;水库两岸总长度为1300公里; 130万人因该项目而流离失所。三峡大坝的目的是多种多样的，但其中包括长江下游的防洪，水力发电，以及建立一条通往中国心脏地带的通航水道。然而，除了巨大的财政负担外，这些目标还带来了相当大的环境和社会成本。从项目一开始，许多地质学家就对许多问题中的一个问题表示了严重的保留意见：沿着水库沿着产生大规模滑坡的可能性。对山体滑坡和水库的担忧是有根据的。1963年，位于意大利北方白云岩的Vaiont水库的控制性填充引发了一场灾难性的岩石滑坡，其体积超过2亿m，并将超过200 m高的波浪发送到大坝顶部并进入下面的山谷，造成2000多人死亡。避免此类灾难的重演是所有大型水坝开发项目的核心问题，而此类灾难的发生如此罕见，也证明了人们对这一问题理解的深度。然而，三峡水库的规模完全不同，需要新的方法来识别和管理滑坡灾害。估计有7 500万人居住在大坝下游的河流沿岸沿着，这使得瓦永特型山体滑坡事件的后果几乎无法想象。因此，毫不奇怪，大量的努力已经进入三峡水库岸边的滑坡分析和管理。毫无疑问，这些项目为中国滑坡研究的不断发展和日益令人印象深刻做出了贡献。为此，这本关于减轻与大坝和水库建设有关的滑坡灾害的巨著是受欢迎的。这本书内容广泛、详细、介绍良好、信息量大，而且一般都是用良好的英语写的。大多数论文都具有期刊质量，许多论文涉及主流滑坡文献中很少开发的问题，例如滑坡预测和滑坡预警系统的开发。关于特大型滑坡管理的案例研究是受欢迎的，因为在现有文献中很少有详细的例子。然而，尽管它的优点，有三个元素的书是令人沮丧的。第一，也是最重要的是缺乏一套概述章节，让读者了解三峡工程作为一个整体。因此，没有详细的章节适当地解释大坝和相关基础设施的规划、开发和建设;也没有描述地质和地貌的章节，尽管有一个附录包含地层列和非常基本的地质图。有两章描述了滑坡的总体数量和分布情况，尽管其中至少有一项研究似乎是在2000年之后开始的，当时大坝正在建设中。所提供的统计数据中存在一些令人困惑的矛盾之处;例如，前言指出，有392处滑坡的体积大于10 000米，而第3章指出，有684处滑坡的体积大于100 000米。第二，这本书的标题暗示了这本书是关于滑坡减灾的，而不仅仅是滑坡减灾。在教授本科生时，我们不断强调这样一种观点，即根据定义，灾害涉及人，而不仅仅是一个危险的过程。这本书在很大程度上忽略了对三峡水库两岸问题的人类层面的任何详细考虑，而是集中在技术和工程层面。鉴于问题的严重性，这是令人惊讶的，尽管这无疑部分是一个政治问题，可能难以记录。虽然技术组件当然很重要，但这本书的标题有些错误，感觉像是错过了一个重要的机会。最后，对三峡工程滑坡治理部分的成功和失败缺乏批判性分析。在这样一个大规模的分析中，参与者不可能一直都做对，这是不可避免的，这并不可耻。这本书可能包含的最有价值的文件将是对水库开始蓄水时预期的山体滑坡以及实际发生的情况进行审查。她想知道错误和遗漏发生在哪里，原因何在，以及对成功的描述。在未来几年，我们很可能会看到新一轮的大型水坝建设，以减少二氧化碳排放，并为亚洲新兴经济体提供电力。从三峡水库山地媒体山地研究与发展（MRD）中一定可以学到很多经验教训，这是一本由国际山地协会（IMS）出版的国际同行评审开放获取期刊。www.mrd-journal.org
The Three Gorges dam and reservoir project is, without doubt, one of the most extraordinary engineering projects of the last 50 years. The statistics of the project are impressive—the dam is 185 m high, 2.3 km long, and contains over 27 million tons of concrete and over 460,000 tons of steel; the reservoir will contain almost 40 km of water with a surface area of 1045 km; the banks of the reservoir stretch over a total distance of 1300 km; and 1.3 million people have been displaced by the project. The aims of the dam are varied, but they include flood control on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the generation of hydroelectric power, and the creation of a navigable waterway into the heart of China. However, such aims come at considerable environmental and social cost, in addition to the huge financial burden. From the outset of the project, many geologists expressed severe reservations about just one of the many issues: the potential for the generation of extensive landslides along the banks of the reservoir. Worries about landslides and reservoirs are well founded. In 1963, controlled filling of the Vaiont Reservoir in the Dolomites of northern Italy triggered a catastrophic rockslide with a volume of over 200 million m, which sent a wave over 200 m high over the top of the dam and into the valley below, killing more than 2000 people. Avoiding a repeat of such a disaster is inevitably a central concern in all large dam development projects, and it is a testament to the depth of understanding of the problem that such occurrences are so rare. However, the Three Gorges Reservoir is on a different scale altogether, requiring new approaches to the identification and management of landslide hazards. The presence of an estimated 75 million people living along the river downstream of the dam renders the consequences of a Vaiont-type landslide event almost unimaginable. It is therefore unsurprising that a huge amount of effort has gone into the analysis and management of the landslides on the banks of the Three Gorges Reservoir. There is little doubt that these projects have contributed to the growing, and increasingly impressive, strength of landslide research in China. To this end, this weighty volume on the mitigation of landslide hazards associated with the construction of the dam and reservoir is welcome. The book is extensive, detailed, well-presented and highly informative, and generally written in good English. Most of the papers are of journal quality, and many address issues that are rarely developed in mainstream landslide literature, such as landslide prediction and the development of landslide warning systems. The case studies on the management of very large landslides are welcome, as there are few detailed examples in the existing literature. However, despite its strengths, there are three elements of the book that are frustrating. The first and most important is a lack of a set of overview chapters that would allow the reader to understand the Three Gorges project as a whole. Thus, there is no detailed chapter explaining properly the planning, development, and construction of the dam and associated infrastructure; and there is no chapter describing the geology and geomorphology, although there is an appendix containing a stratigraphic column and a very basic geological map. Two chapters do describe the overall number and distribution of landslides, although at least one of these studies appears to have been started after 2000, when dam construction was under way. There are some confusing contradictions in the statistics provided; for example, the foreword states that there are 392 landslides with a volume greater than 10,000 m, while chapter 3 indicates that there are 684 landslides with a volume greater than 100,000 m. Second, the book’s title implies that the volume is about landslide disaster mitigation, not just landslide mitigation. When teaching undergraduates, we continually reinforce the idea that, by definition, disasters involve people, not just a hazardous process. The book largely omits any detailed consideration of the human dimension to the problems on the banks of the Three Gorges reservoir, instead focusing on the technical and engineering dimensions. Given the magnitude of the problem, this is surprising, although this is undoubtedly in part a political issue that may be difficult to document. While the technical components are, of course, important, the book is somewhat mistitled as a consequence, and it feels like an important opportunity has been missed. Finally, there is a glaring lack of critical analysis of the successes and failures of the landslide management component of the Three Gorges project. In such a large-scale analysis, it is inevitable that those involved did not get it right all of the time—there is no shame in this. The most valuable paper that this volume could have contained would have been a review of what was expected in terms of landslides at the point at which the filling of the reservoir commenced, and what actually happened. It would be interesting to know where the errors and omissions occurred, and why, as well as a description of the successes. It is likely that we will see a new round of large dam construction over the next few years, both to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and to provide power to burgeoning economies in Asia. There must be many lessons that can be learned from the Three Gorges Reservoir MountainMedia Mountain Research and Development (MRD) An international, peer-reviewed open access journal published by the International Mountain Society (IMS) www.mrd-journal.org