Direct Measurements of Smartphone Screen-Time: Relationships with Demographics and Sleep
Direct Measurements of Smartphone Screen-Time: Relationships with Demographics and Sleep
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0165331
复制
发表时间：
2016-11-09
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Marcus, Gregory M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Christensen, Matthew A.;Bettencourt, Laura;Marcus, Gregory M.
背景智能手机越来越多地融入日常生活，但使用频率尚未被客观地测量，并与人口统计学，健康信息，特别是睡眠质量进行比较。目的本研究的目的是通过直接测量屏幕时间来表征智能手机的使用，确定与屏幕时间增加相关的因素，并检验增加的屏幕时间与睡眠不佳有关的假设。方法我们对健康电子心脏研究中登记的653名参与者的子集进行了横断面分析，一项基于互联网的纵向队列研究，对任何感兴趣的成年人（≥ 18岁）开放。通过智能手机应用程序连续测量智能手机屏幕时间（每小时屏幕打开的分钟数）。对于每个参与者，计算30天窗口的总屏幕时间和平均屏幕时间。还计算了自我报告的就寝时间和睡眠时间内的平均屏幕时间。通过调查获得人口统计学、医疗信息和睡眠习惯（匹兹堡睡眠质量指数-PSQI）。线性回归被用来获得效果estimation.ResultsTotal屏幕时间超过30天的中位数为38.4小时（IQR 21.4至61.3）和平均屏幕时间超过30天的中位数为3.7分钟每小时（IQR 2.2至5.5）。在调整潜在混杂因素后，年龄较小、自我报告的黑人和“其他”人种/种族与平均筛查时间较长相关。较长的平均屏幕时间与较短的睡眠时间和较差的睡眠效率相关。较长的平均屏幕时间在就寝时间和睡眠时间与睡眠质量差，睡眠效率下降，睡眠时间较长latent.ConclusionsThese实际的智能手机屏幕时间的研究结果建立在以前的工作的基础上自我报告，并确认成年人花了大量的时间使用他们的智能手机。屏幕时间因年龄和种族而异，但在社会经济阶层中是相似的，这表明文化因素可能会推动智能手机的使用。屏幕时间与睡眠不佳有关。这些发现不能支持因果关系的结论。非正常原因仍然是一种可能性：睡眠不好可能导致屏幕时间增加。然而，接触智能手机屏幕，特别是在睡前，可能会对睡眠产生负面影响。
BackgroundSmartphones are increasingly integrated into everyday life, but frequency of use has not yet been objectively measured and compared to demographics, health information, and in particular, sleep quality.AimsThe aim of this study was to characterize smartphone use by measuring screen-time directly, determine factors that are associated with increased screen-time, and to test the hypothesis that increased screen-time is associated with poor sleep.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis in a subset of 653 participants enrolled in the Health eHeart Study, an internet-based longitudinal cohort study open to any interested adult (>= 18 years). Smartphone screen-time (the number of minutes in each hour the screen was on) was measured continuously via smartphone application. For each participant, total and average screen-time were computed over 30-day windows. Average screen-time specifically during self-reported bedtime hours and sleeping period was also computed. Demographics, medical information, and sleep habits (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQI) were obtained by survey. Linear regression was used to obtain effect estimates.ResultsTotal screen-time over 30 days was a median 38.4 hours (IQR 21.4 to 61.3) and average screen-time over 30 days was a median 3.7 minutes per hour (IQR 2.2 to 5.5). Younger age, self-reported race/ethnicity of Black and "Other" were associated with longer average screen-time after adjustment for potential confounders. Longer average screen-time was associated with shorter sleep duration and worse sleep-efficiency. Longer average screen-times during bedtime and the sleeping period were associated with poor sleep quality, decreased sleep efficiency, and longer sleep onset latency.ConclusionsThese findings on actual smartphone screen-time build upon prior work based on self-report and confirm that adults spend a substantial amount of time using their smartphones. Screen-time differs across age and race, but is similar across socio-economic strata suggesting that cultural factors may drive smartphone use. Screen-time is associated with poor sleep. These findings cannot support conclusions on causation. Effect-cause remains a possibility: poor sleep may lead to increased screen-time. However, exposure to smartphone screens, particularly around bedtime, may negatively impact sleep.