Cities and the geographies of "actually existing neoliberalism"
Cities and the geographies of "actually existing neoliberalism"
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DOI：
10.1111/1467-8330.00246
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发表时间：
2002-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Theodore, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brenner, N;Theodore, N
本文阐述了对新自由主义的批判性地理视角，强调（a）新自由主义改革项目的路径依赖性和（B）城市在当代政治经济空间重塑中的战略作用。我们开始提出的方法论基础，我们所谓的地理“实际存在的新自由主义。与新自由主义意识形态相反，在新自由主义意识形态中，市场力量被认为是根据不可改变的法律运作的，无论它们在哪里被“释放”，我们强调新自由主义重组项目的背景嵌入性，因为它们是在继承的制度框架，政策制度，监管实践和政治斗争的遗产所定义的国家，地区和地方背景下产生的。因此，要充分理解实际存在的新自由主义，就必须在广泛的地理范围内，探索继承的监管格局与新兴的新自由主义、市场导向的重组项目之间依赖于路径的、特定背景的相互作用。这些考虑导致当代新自由主义化进程的概念化，作为催化剂和表达的政治经济空间在多个地理尺度上持续的创造性破坏。虽然过去20年的新自由主义重组计划没有为资本主义的可持续增长建立一个连贯的基础，但可以说，它们已经深刻地改造了福特-凯恩斯资本主义所依赖的制度基础设施。创造性破坏的概念是作为一个有用的手段来描述的地理不平衡，社会倒退，和政治动荡的轨迹的制度/空间变化，已经在这些条件下结晶。文章最后讨论了城市空间在实际存在的新自由主义的矛盾和长期不稳定的地理环境中的作用。我们认为，在整个发达资本主义世界，城市已经成为战略上至关重要的地理舞台，各种新自由主义倡议以及紧密交织的危机转移和危机管理战略已经得到阐述。
This essay elaborates a critical geographical perspective on neoliberalism that emphasizes (a) the path-dependent character of neoliberal reform projects and (b) the strategic role of cities in the contemporary remaking of political-economic space. We begin by presenting the methodological foundations for an approach to the geographies of what we term "actually existing neoliberalism." In contrast to neoliberal ideology, in which market forces are assumed to operate according to immutable laws no matter where they are "unleashed," we emphasize the contextual embeddedness of neoliberal restructuring projects insofar as they have been produced within national, regional, and local contexts defined by the legacies of inherited institutional frameworks, policy regimes, regulatory practices, and political struggles. An adequate understanding of actually existing neoliberalism must therefore explore the path-dependent, contextually specific interactions between inherited regulatory landscapes and emergent neoliberal, market-oriented restructuring projects at a broad range of geographical scales. These considerations lead to a conceptualization of contemporary neoliberalization processes as catalysts and expressions of an ongoing creative destruction of political-economic space at multiple geographical scales. While the neoliberal restructuring projects of the last two decades have not established a coherent basis for sustainable capitalist growth, it can be argued that they have nonetheless profoundly reworked the institutional infrastructures upon which Fordist-Keynesian capitalism was grounded. The concept of creative destruction is presented as a useful means for describing the geographically uneven, socially regressive, and politically volatile trajectories of institutional/spatial change that have been crystallizing under these conditions. The essay concludes by discussing the role of urban spaces within the contradictory and chronically unstable geographies of actually existing neoliberalism. Throughout the advanced capitalist world, we suggest, cities have become strategically crucial geographical arenas in which a variety of neoliberal initiatives-along with closely intertwined strategies of crisis displacement and crisis management-have been articulated.