The origins of color in minerals
The origins of color in minerals
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作者：
K. Nassau
四个形式主义概述。晶体场理论解释了蓝铜矿和红宝石等含过渡金属矿物的颜色和荧光。陷阱概念，作为晶体场理论的一部分，解释了电子和空穴色心相对于光或热漂白的变化稳定性，以及热释光等现象。分子轨道形式主义解释了电荷转移矿物的颜色，如蓝色蓝宝石和涉及金属的红蓝宝石，以及在青金石，石墨和有机有色矿物中涉及非金属的颜色。能带理论解释了金属矿物的颜色;方铅矿、绿辉石、绿辉石、金刚石等矿物的颜色范围为黑色-红色-橙色-黄色-无色，以及金刚石中由杂质引起的黄色和蓝色。最后，还有著名的伪彩色解释的物理光学涉及色散，散射，干涉和衍射。
Four formalisms are outlined. Crystal field theory explains the color as well as the fluorescence in transition-metal-containing minerals such as azurite and ruby. The trap concept, as part of crystal field theory, explains the varying stability of electron and hole color centers with respect to light or heat bleaching, as well as phenomena such as thermoluminescence. The molecular orbital formalism explains the color of charge transfer minerals such as blue sapphire and crocoite involving metals, as well as the nonmetal-involving colors in lazurite, graphite and organically colored minerals. Band theory explains the colors of metallic minerals; the color range black-red-orangeyellow-colorless in minerals such as galena, proustite, greenockite, diamond, as well as the impurity-caused yellow and blue colors in diamond. Lastly, there are the well-known pseudochromatic colors explained by physical optics involving dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction.