Distracted walking: Cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians
Distracted walking: Cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jsr.2011.01.004
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发表时间：
2011-04-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Schwebel, David C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stavrinos, Despina;Byington, Katherine W.;Schwebel, David C.
简介：看手机分心会危及机动车驾驶员的安全，但很少有研究探讨分心行走的情况。大学生面临的风险尤其高，因为他们经常在车流中或附近行走，与其他年龄段相比，行人受伤率更高，并且经常使用手机。方法：利用交互式、沉浸式虚拟环境，两个实验研究了手机通话对大学生行人分心的影响。首先，我们研究了行人在因自然手机通话而分心时是否会比不分心时表现出更危险的行为。我们还考虑了个体差异因素是否会减轻分心的影响。在第二个实验中，我们研究了三种形式的分心对行人安全的影响：（a）进行手机对话，（b）通过电话进行具有认知挑战性的空间任务，以及（c）通过电话进行具有认知挑战性的心算任务。结果：结果显示，在所有测量的行人安全变量中，手机通话极大地分散了大学行人的注意力，只有一个例外。在实验 1 中，对交通的注意力并未受到自然电话对话的影响，但在实验 2 中，某些类型的对话的认知要求内容改变了对交通的注意力。对话内容在分散其他变量的注意力方面并没有发挥主要作用：平凡的对话和认知复杂的对话都会分散参与者的注意力。此外，个体差异因素与分心易感性之间没有出现显着关联。对行业的影响：研究结果可以为研究人员、政策制定者和行人本身提供信息。教育活动可能会阻止在步行环境中进行电话交谈。 (C) 2011 年国家安全委员会和 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Introduction: Distraction on cell phones jeopardizes motor-vehicle driver safety, but few studies examine distracted walking. At particular risk are college students, who walk frequently in and near traffic, have increased pedestrian injury rates compared to other age groups, and frequently use cell phones. Method: Using an interactive and immersive virtual environment, two experiments studied the effect of cell phone conversation on distraction of college student pedestrians. In the first, we examined whether pedestrians would display riskier behavior when distracted by a naturalistic cell phone conversation than when undistracted. We also considered whether individual difference factors would moderate the effect of the distraction. In a second experiment, we examined the impact of three forms of distraction on pedestrian safety: (a) engaging in a cell phone conversation, (b) engaging in a cognitively challenging spatial task by phone, and (c) engaging in a cognitively challenging mental arithmetic task by phone. Results: Results revealed that cell phone conversations distracted college pedestrians considerably across all pedestrian safety variables measured, with just one exception. Attention to traffic was not affected by the naturalistic phone conversation in Experiment 1, but was altered by the cognitively-demanding content of some types of conversation in Experiment 2. The content of the conversation did not play a major role in distraction across other variables: both mundane and cognitively complex conversations distracted participants. Moreover, no significant associations between individual difference factors and susceptibility to distraction emerged. Impact on Industry: Results may inform researchers, policy makers, and pedestrians themselves. Educational campaigns might discourage telephone conversations in pedestrian environments. (C) 2011 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.