Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence
Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence
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DOI：
10.1111/1469-7610.00231
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发表时间：
2002-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Thapar, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rice, F;Harold, GT;Thapar, A
背景：抑郁症状和障碍是由一个显着比例的年轻人经历，并具有长期持久的有害影响。本研究的目的是采用双生子设计来研究抑郁症状的病因学。特别是检查性别、年龄、孕产妇抑郁和焦虑症状的影响，并检查高抑郁评分的病因。方法：问卷被发送到家庭的人口为基础的样本，年龄在8岁和17岁之间的双胞胎。父母和11岁以上的孩子被要求完成情绪和感觉问卷和医院焦虑和抑郁量表（仅限母亲）。从1463个家庭获得了响应，并使用遗传模型拟合以及DeFries和Fulker回归分析来分析数据。结果：抑郁症状，特别是自我评价时，显着的遗传影响。有证据表明，根据年龄的显着异质性，与11至17岁的青少年相比，8至10岁的儿童共享的环境因素更重要，遗传因素不那么重要。一些但不是所有的共同的环境影响父母的抑郁症状占母亲的抑郁和焦虑症状。性别对自评抑郁症状有显著影响。对男孩来说，遗传因素比女孩更重要，而共同的环境影响则不那么重要。共享的环境效应有很大的影响，高自评抑郁评分。在自评抑郁问卷中得分较高的青少年经历了更多的共同生活事件，他们的母亲比得分在正常范围内的青少年有更高的内化症状。结论：这项研究的结果进一步证明了抑郁症状的病因因年龄而异，从儿童到青春期，遗传因素变得更加重要。一些但不是所有的共同的环境效应观察到母亲评定的抑郁症评分是由于母亲的抑郁症和焦虑症状。对于自评抑郁症状，遗传和环境因素的重要性也可能因性别而异，遗传影响对男孩更重要。高抑郁症症状评分的病因，自我评价时，似乎不同于分数在正常范围内，共享的环境因素似乎更重要。需要进一步的研究，以确定这些共享的环境因素，使用纵向模型，测试遗传和环境的调解。
Background: Depressive symptoms and disorder are experienced by a significant proportion of young people and have long-lasting deleterious effects. The aims of the current investigation were to examine the aetiology of depressive symptoms using a twin design. In particular to examine the effects of sex, age, maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and to examine the aetiology of high depression scores. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to the families of a population-based sample of twins aged between 8 and 17 years. Parents and children over the age of 11 were asked to complete the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (mothers only). Responses were obtained from 1463 families and data were analysed using genetic model fitting and DeFries and Fulker regression analysis. Results: Depressive symptoms, particularly when self-rated, were significantly genetically influenced. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity according to age, with shared environmental factors more important and genetic factors less important for children aged 8 to 10 than for adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. Some but not all of the shared environmental influences on parent-rated depressive symptoms were accounted for by maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. There was a significant effect of gender for self-rated depressive symptoms. For boys, genetic factors were of greater importance and common environmental influences of less importance than for girls. Shared environmental effects had a substantial influence on high self-rated depression scores. Adolescents who scored highly on self-rated depression questionnaires experienced significantly more shared life events and their mothers had significantly higher internalising symptoms than adolescents who scored within the normal range. Conclusions: The results of this study add to the evidence that the aetiology of depressive symptoms differs by age, with genetic factors becoming more important from childhood to adolescence. Some but not all of the shared environmental effect observed for mother-rated depression scores is due to maternal depression and anxiety symptoms. For self-rated depressive symptoms, the importance of genetic and environmental factors may also differ by sex, with genetic influences more important for boys. The aetiology of high depression symptom scores, when self-rated, appears to differ from scores within the normal range in that shared environmental factors appear to be more important. Further research is needed to identify these shared environmental factors using longitudinal models that test genetic and environmental mediation.