The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin
The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin
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DOI：
10.1007/s10439-009-9891-y
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发表时间：
2010-03-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Spaulding, J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Besio, W.;Sharma, V.;Spaulding, J.
表面电极是临床上常用的电极，应用于诸如用于恢复运动功能的功能性电刺激、疼痛缓解、经皮电神经刺激、心电图监测、除颤、表面心脏起搏和高级药物递送系统。这些应用的共同点是偶尔报告疼痛、组织损伤、皮疹或电极放置点处的皮肤灼伤。在这项研究中，我们定量分析了急性无创性电刺激同心环电极（CRE）的影响，以确定最大安全电流限值。本文建立了一个三维多层模型，并利用电热耦合场分析方法计算了CRE下的温度分布和相应的能量密度。在电刺激期间使用红外热成像测量皮肤温度以验证计算机模拟。我们还进行了组织学分析，以研究细胞形态并表征任何导致的组织损伤。对于低能量密度分布，模拟结果是准确的。还可以得出结论，只要施加的规定能量密度保持在0.92（A（2）/cm（4）中心点s（-1））以下，最高温度将保持在安全限值内。今后的工作应集中在电极糊的影响。
Surface electrodes are commonly used electrodes clinically, in applications such as functional electrical stimulation for the restoration of motor functions, pain relief, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, electrocardiographic monitoring, defibrillation, surface cardiac pacing, and advanced drug delivery systems. Common to these applications are occasional reports of pain, tissue damage, rash, or burns on the skin at the point where electrodes are placed. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of acute noninvasive electrical stimulation from concentric ring electrodes (CRE) to determine the maximum safe current limit. We developed a three-dimensional multi-layer model and calculated the temperature profile under the CRE and the corresponding energy density with electrical-thermal coupled field analysis. Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature during electrical stimulation to verify the computer simulations. We also performed histological analysis to study cell morphology and characterize any resulting tissue damage. The simulation results are accurate for low energy density distributions. It can also be concluded that as long as the specified energy density applied is kept below 0.92 (A(2)/cm(4)center dot s(-1)), the maximum temperature will remain within the safe limits. Future work should focus on the effects of the electrode paste.