Profiles of impaired, spared, and recovered neuropsychologic processes in alcoholism.
Profiles of impaired, spared, and recovered neuropsychologic processes in alcoholism.
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00012-4
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gravitz, Zoe R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Oscar-Berman, Marlene;Valmas, Mary M;Gravitz, Zoe R
长期慢性酒精中毒与大脑功能和行为的不同和广泛的残留后果有关，酗酒者患有各种认知缺陷和情绪异常。酒精中毒有不同的起源和结果，这取决于家族史，年龄，性别和心理或身体健康等因素。因此，与酒精中毒相关的神经心理学特征在个体之间并不一致。此外，在研究之内和研究之间，受试者之间的差异很大，并促成了与戒毒后不同治疗结果有关的特征。为了完善我们对酒精中毒相关的受损，幸存和恢复能力的理解，我们专注于五个特定的功能领域：（1）记忆;（2）执行功能;（3）情绪和心理社会技能;（4）视觉空间认知;和（5）心理能力。虽然整个大脑在单纯的酒精中毒中可能是脆弱的，但被认为风险最大的大脑系统是额小脑和中皮质边缘回路。随着时间的推移，戒酒后，大脑似乎会重组，为结构和行为缺陷提供补偿。通过临床和科学方法的结合，未来的研究将有助于完善健康大脑系统的补偿作用，禁欲和治疗促进脑萎缩和功能障碍逆转的程度，以及个体差异对结果的重要性。
Long-term chronic alcoholism is associated with disparate and widespread residual consequences for brain functioning and behavior, and alcoholics suffer a variety of cognitive deficiencies and emotional abnormalities. Alcoholism has heterogeneous origins and outcomes, depending upon factors such as family history, age, gender, and mental or physical health. Consequently, the neuropsychologic profiles associated with alcoholism are not uniform among individuals. Moreover, within and across research studies, variability among subjects is substantial and contributes to characteristics associated with differential treatment outcomes after detoxification. In order to refine our understanding of alcoholism-related impaired, spared, and recovered abilities, we focus on five specific functional domains: (1) memory; (2) executive functions; (3) emotion and psychosocial skills; (4) visuospatial cognition; and (5) psychomotor abilities. Although the entire brain might be vulnerable in uncomplicated alcoholism, the brain systems that are considered to be most at risk are the frontocerebellar and mesocorticolimbic circuitries. Over time, with abstinence from alcohol, the brain appears to become reorganized to provide compensation for structural and behavioral deficits. By relying on a combination of clinical and scientific approaches, future research will help to refine the compensatory roles of healthy brain systems, the degree to which abstinence and treatment facilitate the reversal of brain atrophy and dysfunction, and the importance of individual differences to outcome.