Phragmites australis invasion and expansion in tidal wetlands:: Interactions among salinity, sulfide, and hydrology
Phragmites australis invasion and expansion in tidal wetlands:: Interactions among salinity, sulfide, and hydrology
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02823716
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发表时间：
2003-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Montalto, F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chambers, RM;Osgood, DT;Montalto, F
通过分别对离子、氧和碳平衡的生理作用，盐度、硫化物和长期洪水结合起来限制了潮汐湿地芦苇的入侵和扩散。种子发芽和根茎碎片生长的强烈入侵的最初地点似乎仅限于盐度<千分之10、硫化物浓度低于0.1 mM、洪水频率低于10%的沼泽部分。在多盐潮汐湿地中，入侵地点包括高地边缘和一些高沼泽溪岸。在河口低盐度部分的沼泽和水文发生改变的沼泽中，潜在入侵区域往往更大。然而，由于克隆整合和生长引起的土壤条件改变的正反馈循环，更大的湿地总面积容易受到芦苇从建立地点扩展的影响。据报道，成熟的克隆生长在盐度高达千分之45、硫化物浓度高达1.75 mM、淹没频率高达100%的不同沼泽中。对于芦苇在潮汐沼泽中的建立和扩张来说，机会之窗随着地下排水模式的微地形增强、沼泽范围内的洪水和盐度状况的降低以及全球变暖和月球交点周期驱动的海平面变化而打开。为了避免芦苇单一栽培，必须在这些不同规模的植物与环境相互作用的背景下考虑潮汐湿地的创建、恢复和管理。
Through their physiological effects on ion, oxygen, and carbon balance, respectively, salinity, sulfide, and prolonged flooding combine to constrain the invasion and spread of Phragmites in tidal wetlands. Initial sites of vigorous invasion by seed germination and growth from rhizome fragments appear limited to sections of marsh where salinity is < 10parts per thousand, sulfide concentrations are less than 0.1 mM, and flooding frequency is less than 10%. In polyhaline tidal wetlands the invasion sites include the upland fringe and some high marsh creek banks. The zones of potential invasion tend to be larger in marshes occupying lower-salinity portions of estuaries and in marshes that have been altered hydrologically. Owing to clonal integration and a positive feedback loop of growth-induced modification of edaphic soil conditions, however, a greater total area of wetland is susceptible to Phragmites expansion away from sites of establishment. Mature clones have been reported growing in different marshes with salinity up to 45parts per thousand, sulfide concentration up to 1.75 mM, and flooding frequency up to 100%. For Phragmites establishment and expansion in tidal marshes, windows of opportunity open with microtopographic enhancement of subsurface drainage patterns, marsh-wide depression of flooding and salinity regimes, and variation in sea level driven by global warming and lunar nodal cycles. To avoid Phragmites monocultures, tidal wetland creation, restoration, and management must be considered within the context of these different scales of plant-environment interaction.