A Review and Evaluation of Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations in Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model Using Idealized Simulations and Observations
A Review and Evaluation of Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations in Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model Using Idealized Simulations and Observations
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DOI：
10.3390/atmos11101091
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发表时间：
2020-10
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Jun A. Zhang;E. Kalina;M. Biswas;R. Rogers;P. Zhu;F. Marks
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jun A. Zhang;E. Kalina;M. Biswas;R. Rogers;P. Zhu;F. Marks
本文回顾了自2011年以来用于飓风天气研究和预报（HWRF）模式业务版本的行星边界层（PBL）参数化方案的演变。理想化的模拟，然后使用不同的PBL方案对飓风的结构和强度的影响进行评估。2011年版本的HWRF中的原始全球预报系统（GFS）PBL方案产生最弱的风暴，而使用风速依赖的垂直涡动扩散率（Km）参数化的修改后的GFS方案产生最强的风暴。HWRF中使用的混合涡动扩散率和质量通量方案（EDMF）的后续版本也产生了强风暴，类似于使用风速依赖Km的版本。不同边界层方案模拟的风暴强度变化率和最大强度都不同，主要是由于Km参数化的不同。边界层方案中的Km值越小，风暴增强的速度越快。在这些模拟中，飓风边界层高度，辐合，流入角，暖芯结构，深对流分布，和agradient力的差异也进行了研究。相比下投式探空仪和多普勒雷达复合材料，改进的运动学结构中发现在模拟中使用风速相关的Km和修改后的EDMF计划相对于那些早期版本的PBL计划在HWRF。然而，在所有模拟的上边界层比投下式探空仪观测的要冷得多，干燥得多。这个模型的缺陷需要在未来的模型物理升级中加以考虑和修正。
This paper reviews the evolution of planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes that have been used in the operational version of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model since 2011. Idealized simulations are then used to evaluate the effects of different PBL schemes on hurricane structure and intensity. The original Global Forecast System (GFS) PBL scheme in the 2011 version of HWRF produces the weakest storm, while a modified GFS scheme using a wind-speed dependent parameterization of vertical eddy diffusivity (Km) produces the strongest storm. The subsequent version of the hybrid eddy diffusivity and mass flux scheme (EDMF) used in HWRF also produces a strong storm, similar to the version using the wind-speed dependent Km. Both the intensity change rate and maximum intensity of the simulated storms vary with different PBL schemes, mainly due to differences in the parameterization of Km. The smaller the Km in the PBL scheme, the faster a storm tends to intensify. Differences in hurricane PBL height, convergence, inflow angle, warm-core structure, distribution of deep convection, and agradient force in these simulations are also examined. Compared to dropsonde and Doppler radar composites, improvements in the kinematic structure are found in simulations using the wind-speed dependent Km and modified EDMF schemes relative to those with earlier versions of the PBL schemes in HWRF. However, the upper boundary layer in all simulations is much cooler and drier than that in dropsonde observations. This model deficiency needs to be considered and corrected in future model physics upgrades.