A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT IN CARIBBEAN ANOLIS LIZARDS
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT IN CARIBBEAN ANOLIS LIZARDS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb05938.x
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发表时间：
1990-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
LOSOS, JB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
LOSOS, JB
在小安的列斯群岛的27个岛屿上，有一种或两种阿诺利斯蜥蜴。在10个双物种岛屿中的9个岛屿上，物种的大小差异很大; 17个单物种岛屿中的16个岛屿上有一个中等大小的物种。两个过程可以产生这样的模式：大小调整（或字符位移），其中相似大小的物种在同域中向不同方向进化;和大小分类，其中只有不同大小的物种可以成功地殖民同一个岛屿。以前的分析隐含地假设大小是进化的塑料和最近的生态条件完全决定的，因此已经测试的假设，性格位移发生在每一个10个两种岛屿。其他研究只关注大小分类。通过分析这种模式在系统发育的背景下，我明确考虑历史的影响，可以区分大小调整和大小分类。使用最小进化算法，我评估证据的大小调整分区的大小变化沿着分支的系统发育树。尺寸演变似乎很罕见（至少有4-7个物质尺寸演变的实例）。在小安的列斯群岛的北方（而不是南方），大小变化显着更大时，后代分类群发生在两个物种的岛屿和其假设的祖先发生在一个物种的岛屿，从而支持大小调整假说，虽然大小调整可能只发生一次。相对罕见的大小进化表明，大小分类可能是负责非随机模式。在小安的列斯群岛的北方和南方，一个没有大小分类的零模型被令人信服地拒绝。然而，密切相关的分类群通常在大小上相似，物种之间的杂交也有报道。因此，相似大小的物种可能不会共存，因为它们杂交并合并成一个基因库。一个空模型，只允许物种从不同的“分支”共同出现被拒绝为小安的列斯群岛的北方，但对于南部的小安的列斯群岛是模棱两可的。因此，竞争性排斥可能是负责在小安的列斯群岛的北方的大小分类的模式，竞争性排斥和相似大小的密切相关的物种的杂交可能是负责在南部小安的列斯群岛的模式明显。
Twenty-seven islands in the Lesser Antilles contain either one or two species of Anolis lizards. On nine of the ten two-species islands, the species differ substantially in size; 16 of the 17 one species islands harbor an intermediate-sized species. Two processes could produce such a pattern: size adjustment (or character displacement), in which similar-sized species evolve in different directions in sympatry; and size assortment, in which only different-sized species can successfully colonize the same island together. Previous analyses implicitly have assumed that size is evolutionary plastic and determined solely by recent ecological conditions, and consequently have tested the hypothesis that character displacement has occurred on each of the ten two-species islands. Other studies have focused only on size assortment. By analyzing such patterns in a phylogenetic context, I explicitly consider historical effects and can distinguish between size adjustment and size assortment. Using a minimum evolution algorithm, I assess evidence for size adjustment by partitioning changes in size along branches of the phylogenetic tree. Size evolution appears rare (a minimum of 4-7 instances of substances size evolution). In the northern (but not the southern) Lesser Antilles, size change was significantly greater when a descendant taxon occurred on a two-species island and its hypothetical ancestor occurred on a one-species island, thus supporting the size adjustment hypothesis, though size adjustment might have occurred only once. The relative rarity of size evolution suggests that size assortment might be responsible for non-random patterns. In both the northern and southern Lesser Antilles, a null model of no size assortment is convincingly rejected. Closely related taxa, however, are usually similar in size, and hybridization between species has been reported. Consequently, similar-sized species might not coexist because they interbreed and coalesce into one gene pool. A null model that only allows species from different "clades" to co-occur is rejected for the northern Lesser Antilles, but is ambiguous with regard to the southern Lesser Antilles. Thus, competitive exclusion is probably responsible for the pattern of size assortment in the northern Lesser Antilles; both competitive exclusion and interbreeding of closely related species of similar size might be responsible for the patterns evident in the southern Lesser Antilles.