Crustal thickness and magma storage beneath the Ecuadorian arc

Crustal thickness and magma storage beneath the Ecuadorian arc
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厄瓜多尔弧下的地壳厚度和岩浆储存

DOI:
10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103331
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
1.8
通讯作者:
Hidalgo, Silvana
Hidalgo, Silvana
中科院分区:
地球科学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Koch, Clinton D.;Delph, Jonathan;Beck, Susan L.;Lynner, Colton;Ruiz, Mario;Hernandez, Stephen;Samaniego, Pablo;Meltzer, Anne;Mothes, Patricia;Hidalgo, Silvana

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厄瓜多尔的北安第斯山脉包含安第斯山脉中一些最活跃的火山系统,并横跨从西科迪莱拉到苏班丁地带的广阔地区。虽然已知该弧横跨一系列基底成分,从西部的增生的镁铁质海洋地体到东部的硅质大陆地体,但弧下地壳结构的细节尚不清楚,尽管这对了解安第斯山脉这一部分的岩浆和构造过程至关重要。为了深入了解这些过程,我们创建了该地区地壳和上地幔地震属性的两个3D模型。第一个突出了使用接收器功能的不连续结构,这使得能够恢复厄瓜多尔安第斯山脉之下的地壳厚度。我们在高海拔下观察到大约50到65公里的范围,与高海拔的东部科迪勒拉相比,低海拔的西部科迪勒拉下面的地壳更厚。这在很大程度上可以用地壳内的密度变化来解释,这些变化与在地表观察到的地体一致,这意味着这些地体向深处延伸。第二种模型结合我们的接收函数和环境噪声测量的瑞利波频散数据进行联合反演,构建了一个三维横波速度模型。该模型显示了厄瓜多尔弧形火山下方的几个中地壳(海平面以下5-20公里)低速带,其中最大熔体含量为~14%。这些低速带很可能代表了以结晶为主的储集层中的长期岩浆储集带,这与“泥浆带”是一致的。此外,在几个火山中心(如Chiles-Cerro Nero和Tungurahua)下方推断的储集层深度与以前的地理重力测量和大地测量模型大体一致。我们的结果也为厄瓜多尔弧下其他较少研究的火山系统下方可能存在的长期岩浆储藏提供了新的观察,并进一步有助于越来越多的观察表明,在活动的弧系之下的中地壳中,以低熔体百分比存在长期的岩浆储存。
The Northern Andes of Ecuador contain some of the most active volcanic systems in the Andes and extend over a broad region from the Western Cordillera to the Subandean Zone. While it is known that the arc straddles a range of basement compositions, from accreted mafic oceanic terranes in the west to silicic continental terranes in the east, the details of the crustal structure beneath the arc is unclear despite being critical for understanding magmatic and tectonic processes in this portion of the Andes. To gain insight into these processes, we create two 3D models of crustal and upper mantle seismic properties throughout the region. The first highlights the discontinuity structure using receiver functions, which allows for the recovery of crustal thickness beneath the Ecuadorian Andes. We observe a range from ~50 to 65 km under the high elevations, with thicker crust beneath the lower elevation Western Cordillera compared to the higher elevation Eastern Cordillera. This can largely be explained by density variations within the crust that are consistent with observed terranes at the surface, implying these terranes extend to depth. The second model combines our receiver functions with Rayleigh wave dispersion data from ambient noise measurements in a joint inversion to construct a 3-D shear wave velocity model. This model shows several mid-crustal (5–20 km below sea-level) low velocity zones beneath Ecuadorian arc volcanoes that contain a maximum of ~14% melt. These low velocity zones likely represent zones of long-term magma storage in predominantly crystalline reservoirs, consistent with “mush zones”. Furthermore, the depth of the inferred reservoirs below several of the volcanic centers (e.g., Chiles-Cerro Negro and Tungurahua) are in broad agreement with previous geobarometry and geodetic modeling. Our results provide new observations of possible long-term magma reservoirs below other less-studied volcanic systems in the Ecuadorian arc as well, and further contributes to a mounting number of observations indicating long-term magma storage at low melt percentages in the mid-crust beneath active arc systems.
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