Cilia metasurfaces for electronically programmable microfluidic manipulation
Cilia metasurfaces for electronically programmable microfluidic manipulation
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-022-04645-w
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发表时间：
2022-05
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Wei Wang;Qingkun Liu;Ivana Tanasijevic;M. Reynolds;A. Cortese;Marc Z. Miskin;Michael C. Cao;D. Muller;A. Molnar;E. Lauga;P. McEuen;I. Cohen
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文献类型：
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作者：
Wei Wang;Qingkun Liu;Ivana Tanasijevic;M. Reynolds;A. Cortese;Marc Z. Miskin;Michael C. Cao;D. Muller;A. Molnar;E. Lauga;P. McEuen;I. Cohen
纤毛抽吸是生物有机体在微尺度上控制和操纵液体的一种强有力的策略。然而，尽管最近在光、磁和电驱动驱动方面取得了许多进展，但具有应用潜力的工程化纤毛平台的开发仍然难以实现。在这里，我们报道了电子驱动的人造纤毛的活跃的亚表面，它可以在靠近表面的液体中产生任意的流动模式。我们首先创造了电压驱动的纤毛，在1 伏特的驱动电压下，产生非互易运动，以每秒数十微米的速度驱动表面流动。然后，我们证明了纤毛单胞可以局部产生一系列的基本流动几何形状。通过将这些单元细胞组合在一起，我们创建了一个活跃的纤毛过渡表面，它可以产生并在任何所需的表面流动模式之间切换。最后，我们将纤毛与光功率互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)时钟电路集成在一起，以演示无线操作。作为概念的证明，我们使用该电路输出具有不同相位延迟的电压脉冲，以演示利用亚时波来提高泵浦效率。这些强有力的结果得到了实验证明和理论计算的证实，说明了一条通向精细微流控操作的途径，应用范围从微流控泵到微机器人运动。
Cilial pumping is a powerful strategy used by biological organisms to control and manipulate fluids at the microscale. However, despite numerous recent advances in optically, magnetically and electrically driven actuation, development of an engineered cilial platform with the potential for applications has remained difficult to realize, , , , –. Here we report on active metasurfaces of electronically actuated artificial cilia that can create arbitrary flow patterns in liquids near a surface. We first create voltage-actuated cilia that generate non-reciprocal motions to drive surface flows at tens of microns per second at actuation voltages of 1 volt. We then show that a cilia unit cell can locally create a range of elemental flow geometries. By combining these unit cells, we create an active cilia metasurface that can generate and switch between any desired surface flow pattern. Finally, we integrate the cilia with a light-powered complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) clock circuit to demonstrate wireless operation. As a proof of concept, we use this circuit to output voltage pulses with various phase delays to demonstrate improved pumping efficiency using metachronal waves. These powerful results, demonstrated experimentally and confirmed using theoretical computations, illustrate a pathway towards fine-scale microfluidic manipulation, with applications from microfluidic pumping to microrobotic locomotion.