Scaling of echolocation call parameters in bats.
Scaling of echolocation call parameters in bats.
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发表时间：
1999-12
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通讯作者：
Gareth Jones
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作者：
Gareth Jones
我调查的回声定位呼叫参数（频率，持续时间和重复率）在蝙蝠的功能范围内的缩放。低占空比蝙蝠的搜索阶段周期通常小于20%。它们在时域中处理回波，因此不容忍脉冲回波重叠。高占空比（> 30%）的种类使用多普勒频移补偿，并且它们在频域中分离脉冲和回波。在至少五个蝙蝠家族中，呼叫频率与体重呈负相关。在低占空比准恒定频率（QCF）物种中，脉冲持续时间与质量呈正相关，因为发射这些信号的大型空中霍金物种在开放的栖息地中飞行得很快。因此，它们探测到远处的目标，并比较小的蝙蝠更晚地经历脉冲回波重叠。脉冲持续时间也与蹄蝠科的质量成正比，这表明至少部分多普勒频移补偿。脉冲重复率与QCF蝙蝠物种中飞行相对较慢的翼拍频率密切相关。体型较大、飞行速度快的物种在探测远处目标时经常跳过脉冲。呼叫强度和重复率之间可能有一个权衡，因为"耳语"蝙蝠（和河马）产生几个呼叫每预测wingbeat，因为批次的呼叫发出每个wingbeat在终端嗡嗡声。在高频时严重的大气衰减限制了高频呼叫的范围。因此，低占空比的蝙蝠在高频呼叫时必须使用短脉冲，以避免脉冲回波重叠。犀牛逃脱多普勒频移补偿这一限制，重要的是，可以利用与发射高频和长时间的呼叫相关的优势。低频率不适合小猎物的检测，低重复率可能会限制猎物的检测率。回声定位参数，因此可能会限制最大的身体大小在空中鹰蝙蝠。
I investigated the scaling of echolocation call parameters (frequency, duration and repetition rate) in bats in a functional context. Low-duty-cycle bats operate with search phase cycles of usually less than 20 %. They process echoes in the time domain and are therefore intolerant of pulse-echo overlap. High-duty-cycle (>30 %) species use Doppler shift compensation, and they separate pulse and echo in the frequency domain. Call frequency scales negatively with body mass in at least five bat families. Pulse duration scales positively with mass in low-duty-cycle quasi-constant-frequency (QCF) species because the large aerial-hawking species that emit these signals fly fast in open habitats. They therefore detect distant targets and experience pulse-echo overlap later than do smaller bats. Pulse duration also scales positively with mass in the Hipposideridae, which show at least partial Doppler shift compensation. Pulse repetition rate corresponds closely with wingbeat frequency in QCF bat species that fly relatively slowly. Larger, fast-flying species often skip pulses when detecting distant targets. There is probably a trade-off between call intensity and repetition rate because 'whispering' bats (and hipposiderids) produce several calls per predicted wingbeat and because batches of calls are emitted per wingbeat during terminal buzzes. Severe atmospheric attenuation at high frequencies limits the range of high-frequency calls. Low-duty-cycle bats that call at high frequencies must therefore use short pulses to avoid pulse-echo overlap. Rhinolophids escape this constraint by Doppler shift compensation and, importantly, can exploit advantages associated with the emission of both high-frequency and long-duration calls. Low frequencies are unsuited for the detection of small prey, and low repetition rates may limit prey detection rates. Echolocation parameters may therefore constrain maximum body size in aerial-hawking bats.