THE ADAPTATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS TO NOCTURNAL AND CREPUSCULAR POLLINATORS
THE ADAPTATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS TO NOCTURNAL AND CREPUSCULAR POLLINATORS
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DOI：
10.1086/403276
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发表时间：
1961-01-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
BAKER, HG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BAKER, HG
考虑了花适应不同种类的传粉者的进化意义，并试图评估花与特定的夜间飞行的访花者的相互适应变得如此接近以至于为植物提供与适应其他访花者的生殖隔离的频率。也许，丝兰所表现出的亲缘关系代表了一种近乎独特的情况，这种情况可能降低而不是促进了它们所适应的丝兰蛾和丝兰蛾的物种形成速度。描述了适合于夜间、夜间和清晨访客（包括鸟类）授粉的花的一般特征。许多热带和亚热带树木的花是由蝙蝠授粉的，在这种情况下讨论了两种花类型。蝙蝠授粉限制在热带和邻近的亚热带地区，似乎是由于在温度较高的地区缺乏合适的植物材料。对花访客组合的适应被认为与种子生产失败的风险有关。这种“桥接”在适应新的传粉媒介的进化中也可能具有相当大的意义。最后，得出的结论是，到目前为止，没有证据表明对任何黄昏或夜间传粉者的适应足以完全启动物种形成，尽管它提供的部分生殖隔离可能补充了其他更主要因素在维持特定差异方面的作用。
The evolutionary significance of the adaptation of flowers to distinct classes of pollinators is considered and an attempt is made to assess the frequency with which the mutual adaptations of flowers and particular night-flying flower-visitors have become so close as to provide reproductive isolation for the plants from those adapted to other visitors. Probably the obligate relationship shown by Yuccas represents a nearly unique situation which may have reduced rather than promoted rates of speciation in both the Yuccas and the Yucca moths to which they are adapted. A description is given to the general characteristics of flowers which are adapted to pollination by evening, night, and early morning visitors (including birds). The flowers of many tropical and subtropical trees are pollinated by bats, and two flower-types are discussed in this context. The restriction of bat pollination to the tropics and adjacent subtropics appears to result from a lack of suitable plant material in temperature regions. Adaptations to combinations of flower visitors are considered in relation to risks of failure in seed-production. Such "bridging" may also have considerable significance in the evolution of adaptation to new pollinators. Finally, it is concluded that, as yet, there is no evidence that adaptation to any crepuscular or nocturnal pollinators is sufficiently complete to initiate speciation, although the partial reproductive isolation which it provides may complement the effects of other more primary factors in the maintenance of specific distinctions.