Human collective intelligence under dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas.
Human collective intelligence under dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0095789
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kameda T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Toyokawa W;Kim HR;Kameda T
对于人类和非人类动物来说，勘探-开采困境都是一个反复出现的适应问题。在固定的时间/精力预算下，每个人都面临着在探索更好的资源和开发已知资源之间的根本权衡，以在不确定的情况下优化整体表现。众所周知，群居昆虫通过在集体层面发挥作用的进化协调机制，成功地解决了这一困境。然而，对于人类和其他非社会性物种来说，这种困境在个人内部和个人之间都存在，因为群体成员可能会被激励通过社会学习过度利用他人的探索性发现。因此，尽管社交学习可以降低集体探索的成本，但不成比例的“信息乞讨者”的出现可能会严重破坏其潜在的好处。我们通过实验调查了社交学习机会是否可能改善人类参与者的表现，这些参与者在小组中处理一个“多臂匪徒”问题，他们可以学习对方过去的选择行为。结果表明，尽管信息搜索者经常出现在群体中，但社交学习机会减少了群体探索的总时间，同时增加了从更好的选择中收获的机会，从而改善了集体绩效。令人惊讶的是，除了选择频率信息外，通过允许参与者观察其他人对所选选项的评价(例如，亚马逊的5星评级系统)来丰富社交信息，与只使用选择频率信息的简单情况相比，对绩效有不利影响。这些结果表明，人类群体能够成功地解决根本的“双重探索-剥削困境”，而关于简单选择频率的社会学习可以帮助产生集体智力。
The exploration-exploitation dilemma is a recurrent adaptive problem for humans as well as non-human animals. Given a fixed time/energy budget, every individual faces a fundamental trade-off between exploring for better resources and exploiting known resources to optimize overall performance under uncertainty. Colonies of eusocial insects are known to solve this dilemma successfully via evolved coordination mechanisms that function at the collective level. For humans and other non-eusocial species, however, this dilemma operates within individuals as well as between individuals, because group members may be motivated to take excessive advantage of others' exploratory findings through social learning. Thus, even though social learning can reduce collective exploration costs, the emergence of disproportionate “information scroungers” may severely undermine its potential benefits. We investigated experimentally whether social learning opportunities might improve the performance of human participants working on a “multi-armed bandit” problem in groups, where they could learn about each other's past choice behaviors. Results showed that, even though information scroungers emerged frequently in groups, social learning opportunities reduced total group exploration time while increasing harvesting from better options, and consequentially improved collective performance. Surprisingly, enriching social information by allowing participants to observe others' evaluations of chosen options (e.g., Amazon's 5-star rating system) in addition to choice-frequency information had a detrimental impact on performance compared to the simpler situation with only the choice-frequency information. These results indicate that humans groups can handle the fundamental “dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas” successfully, and that social learning about simple choice-frequencies can help produce collective intelligence.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Daw, Nathaniel D.;O'Doherty, John P.;Dayan, Peter;Seymour, Ben;Dolan, Raymond J.
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
3.5
作者：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
7.5
作者：
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