Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic
Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic
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DOI：
10.1002/eap.1978
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发表时间：
2019-12-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Shantz, Andrew A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baums, Iliana B.;Baker, Andrew C.;Shantz, Andrew A.
活跃的珊瑚恢复通常涉及两个干预措施：交叉配子，以促进有性幼虫繁殖;和破碎，生长，和出植成年殖民地，以提高无性繁殖。从进化的角度来看，这些努力的目标是建立自我维持、有性繁殖的珊瑚种群，这些种群具有足够的遗传和表型变异，以适应不断变化的环境。在这里，我们提供了具体的指导方针，以帮助恢复从业者达到这一目标，为大多数加勒比物种的利益。为了使持久的珊瑚种群暴露于严重的选择压力，从许多压力源，一个混合的种源策略建议：遗传独特的殖民地（基因）应来源于本地以及从更遥远的，环境不同的网站。沿着环境梯度，每个珊瑚礁采集三到四个基因应该足以捕获大多数种内遗传多样性。从业者最好繁殖具有一个或多个被预测在未来有价值的表型性状的基因，例如低部分死亡率，高伤口愈合率，高骨骼生长率，漂白恢复力，传染病恢复力和高性生殖输出。还应该为表现不佳的基因保留一些努力，因为在苗圃中生长不良的殖民地一旦回到珊瑚礁，有时会茁壮成长，并且可能含有尚未认识到价值的遗传变异。外植应该聚集在四到六个基因组中，以便在成熟时成功受精。目前的证据表明，从种群遗传学的角度来看，在遥远的珊瑚礁之间转移基因不太可能有问题，但可能会提供大量的适应性益处。同样，近亲繁殖衰退也不是一个问题，因为目前的做法只提高第一代后代。因此，即使在没有对目标恢复地点的重点物种进行详细的种群遗传分析的情况下，继续实施拟议的管理战略是最佳的行动方针。这些基本指南应有助于最大限度地发挥造礁珊瑚面对快速变化的环境的适应潜力。
Active coral restoration typically involves two interventions: crossing gametes to facilitate sexual larval propagation; and fragmenting, growing, and outplanting adult colonies to enhance asexual propagation. From an evolutionary perspective, the goal of these efforts is to establish self-sustaining, sexually reproducing coral populations that have sufficient genetic and phenotypic variation to adapt to changing environments. Here, we provide concrete guidelines to help restoration practitioners meet this goal for most Caribbean species of interest. To enable the persistence of coral populations exposed to severe selection pressure from many stressors, a mixed provenance strategy is suggested: genetically unique colonies (genets) should be sourced both locally as well as from more distant, environmentally distinct sites. Sourcing three to four genets per reef along environmental gradients should be sufficient to capture a majority of intraspecies genetic diversity. It is best for practitioners to propagate genets with one or more phenotypic traits that are predicted to be valuable in the future, such as low partial mortality, high wound healing rate, high skeletal growth rate, bleaching resilience, infectious disease resilience, and high sexual reproductive output. Some effort should also be reserved for underperforming genets because colonies that grow poorly in nurseries sometimes thrive once returned to the reef and may harbor genetic variants with as yet unrecognized value. Outplants should be clustered in groups of four to six genets to enable successful fertilization upon maturation. Current evidence indicates that translocating genets among distant reefs is unlikely to be problematic from a population genetic perspective but will likely provide substantial adaptive benefits. Similarly, inbreeding depression is not a concern given that current practices only raise first-generation offspring. Thus, proceeding with the proposed management strategies even in the absence of a detailed population genetic analysis of the focal species at sites targeted for restoration is the best course of action. These basic guidelines should help maximize the adaptive potential of reef-building corals facing a rapidly changing environment.