Skillful coping in everyday life and in sport: A critical examination of the views of Heidegger and Dreyfus
Skillful coping in everyday life and in sport: A critical examination of the views of Heidegger and Dreyfus
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DOI：
10.1080/00948705.2007.9714716
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Breivik, Gunnar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Breivik, Gunnar
最近心灵哲学和现象学的讨论都集中在熟练的运动行为上。讨论已经产生了大量文献（1；4；7；16；22；24；26）。在体育哲学中，不同的作者讨论了熟练的动作，但主要与体育运动中认知的认识论关注有关（15; 17; 18; 27; 29; 32）。然而，上述最近的讨论主要在体育哲学家中被忽视，除了 Moe（20；21）。现象学传统和分析传统的哲学家使用经验研究的发现作为他们论证的基础（例如参见7；16；22）。这种与实证工作的联系很重要。在运动科学中，有大量关于运动学习和控制的有趣的实证工作（参见示例 30）。现在是体育哲学家也开始更认真地讨论熟练运动行为的时候了。这是特别合适的，因为心灵哲学和现象学中对运动行为的一般讨论在很大程度上依赖于运动中的例子。塞尔（26）和德雷福斯（4）之间的讨论就是一个很好的例子。无论是在一般心灵哲学还是在运动学习和控制的实证研究中，信息处理范式都被广泛接受。根据这种范式，熟练的行为基于根据某些规则进行处理的离散心理表征。这是在较低技能水平下以有意识的方式完成的，然后在较高技能水平上以越来越无意识的方式完成的（25）。同样，德雷福斯（Dreyfus）（5；6）倡导的现象学技能习得范式认为，在更高水平的技能行为中，我们在与世界打交道时使用“全神贯注的应对”。专注的应对不是基于离散的表征和规则遵循，而是基于我们的身体与物理环境的直接相互作用。这种互动具有无意识的僵尸般的特征。德雷福斯认为，在全神贯注的应对中，主体的身体被引导移动，以减少偏离令人满意的格式塔的感觉，而主体在实现令人满意的格式塔之前并不知道令人满意的格式塔会是什么样子。因此，在全神贯注的应对中，人们不再有一种试图取得成功的感觉，而是一种被吸引到平衡的感觉。（4：第3页）
Recent discussion in both philosophy of mind and phenomenology has focused on skilled motor behavior. The discussion has already produced a large body of literature (1; 4; 7; 16; 22; 24; 26). In philosophy of sport various authors have discussed skilled movements but mostly in relation to epistemological concerns about knowing in sport (15; 17; 18; 27; 29; 32). The aforementioned recent discussion, however, has mainly been neglected among philosophers of sport, with the exception of Moe (20; 21). Philosophers in the phenomenological tradition and in the analytic tradition use findings from empirical studies as a basis for their arguments (see for instance 7; 16; 22). This link to empirical work is important. In sport sciences there is a considerable amount of interesting empirical work on motor learning and control (see for example 30). It is time for philosophers of sport to also begin a more serious discussion of skilled motor behavior. This is particularly appropriate because the general discussion of motor behavior in philosophy of mind and in phenomenology relies heavily on examples from sport. The discussion between Searle (26) and Dreyfus (4) is a case in point. Both in general philosophy of mind and in empirical work on motor learning and control, the information processing paradigm is broadly accepted. According to this paradigm, skillful behavior is based on discrete mental representations that are processed according to certain rules. This is done in a conscious manner at lower skill levels and then in increasingly unconscious ways at higher skill levels (25). Likewise, the phenomenological skill acquisition paradigm advocated by Dreyfus (5; 6) contends that at higher levels of skilled behavior we use “absorbed coping” in our dealings with the world. Absorbed coping is not based on discrete representations and rule-following but on the direct interaction of our bodies with the physical environment. This interaction has a nonconscious zombie-like character. Dreyfus maintains, In absorbed coping the agent’s body is led to move so as to reduce a sense of deviation from a satisfactory gestalt without the agent knowing what a satisfactory gestalt will be like in advance of achieving it. Thus in absorbed coping, rather than a sense of trying to achieve success, one has a sense of being drawn towards an equilibrium.(4: p. 3)