Superconductivity: the path of least resistance to the future
Superconductivity: the path of least resistance to the future
复制标题
超导：通往未来阻力最小的道路
DOI：
10.1080/00107514.2023.2259654
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Mercer W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mercer W
1911年，荷兰物理学家Heike Kamerlingh Onnes在莱顿大学的实验室里偶然发现了汞在低于4.2 K的温度下的零电阻，这似乎是物理学有史以来最伟大的突破之一。它导致了物理学中一个全新领域的创建，称为超导性;这吸引了许多物理学中最优秀的人才，他们在这一领域的工作迄今为止产生了不少于六项诺贝尔奖。零电阻和多年后发现的磁场驱逐是超导体的两个独特而有趣的性质，这使科学家们对所观察到的现象进行了适当的理论解释。1935年，弗里茨和海因茨伦敦提出的现象学理论（又称伦敦理论）在该领域取得了第一次成功。20世纪50年代，金兹伯格和朗道提出了另一种现象学理论。尽管如此，一个令人满意的超导微观理论不得不等到1957年，当约翰·巴拉特，莱昂库珀和约翰·罗伯特·施里弗提出他们的理论，这是绰号BCS理论在他们的荣誉。1986年铜氧化物高温超导体（HTS）的发现给该领域带来了新的动力，并加强了对室温超导体的研究，这种研究一直持续到今天。虽然这一探索正在进行中，新的超导理论正在开发中，物理学家，材料科学家和工程师正在使用超导体来建立新技术，并建造具有前所未有性能的机器，设备和工具。今天，超导体被广泛用于医疗保健，粒子加速器，超灵敏仪器和微波工程，它们也被开发用于许多其他领域。在这篇综述中，我们将追溯超导体的历史，并简要概述超导体的一些最新应用。
The accidental discovery of mercury's zero resistance at temperatures lower than 4.2 K which took place in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in his laboratory at the University of Leiden, appeared to be one of the greatest breakthroughs of physics of all time. It has led to the creation of an entirely new field within physics called superconductivity; this attracted many of the finest minds in physics whose work in this area produced no less than six Nobel Prizes to date. Zero resistance, together with the expulsion of magnetic fields which was discovered many years later, are the two unique and intriguing properties of superconductors which puzzled scientists' brains for a proper theoretical explanation of the observed phenomena. However in 1935, the phenomenological theory proposed by Fritz and Heinz London (known as the London theory) was the first success in the field, which was followed in the 1950s by another phenomenological theory put forward by Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau. Despite this, a satisfactory microscopic theory for superconductivity had to wait until 1957 when John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer proposed their theory, which was nicknamed the BCS theory in their honour. The more recent discovery of the cuprate high temperature superconductors (HTS) in 1986 gave a new momentum to the field and intensified the search for room temperature superconductors which continues to this day. While this quest is under way, and new theories of superconductivity are being developed, physicists, material scientists and engineers are using superconductors to establish new technologies and build machines, devices and tools with unprecedented properties. Today superconductors are widely used in healthcare, particle accelerators, ultrasensitive instrumentation and microwave engineering and they are being developed for use in many other areas as well. In this review, we will trace the history of superconductors and provide a brief overview into some of the recent applications of superconductivity.