Understanding How Complex Terrain Impacts Tornado Dynamics Using a Suite of High-Resolution Numerical Simulations

Understanding How Complex Terrain Impacts Tornado Dynamics Using a Suite of High-Resolution Numerical Simulations
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使用一套高分辨率数值模拟了解复杂地形如何影响龙卷风动力学

DOI:
10.1175/jas-d-19-0321.1
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
3.1
通讯作者:
Lombardo, Franklin T.
Lombardo, Franklin T.
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Satrio, Martin A.;Bodine, David J.;Reinhart, Anthony E.;Maruyama, Takashi;Lombardo, Franklin T.

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采用浸入边界法对大涡模拟中的涡进行了不同地表地形的模拟,分析了复杂地形对涡行为的影响。30个模拟,包括一个零高度地形的控制,被分为四类——2d正弦山丘,3D山丘,山谷和山脊——在每个类别中都有轻微的修改。中等涡旋比涡旋在浅层地形上转换,相对于涡旋核心直径而言,其大小适中,并且没有明确定义的表面粗糙度。虽然区域大小限制了地形的近场效应,但涡-地形相互作用产生了显著的结果。地形影响增加了近地表涡旋的可变性,包括显著的向左(向右)偏转、加速(减速)和涡旋在上升(下降)地形时由于转角流旋流比的变化而膨胀(收缩)。此外,10米航迹分析显示,1)在上坡地形上发现了更强的水平风速,这是由于瞬态次涡比控制模拟更强烈,2)在相邻山丘之间同时存在来自高空的强压力扰动。综合统计证实,相邻山丘之间的区域水平风速最强,而上升过程中上升运动更强烈。总的来说,山谷(山脊)模拟具有最大的水平(垂直向上)风速。最后,水平和垂直风速受到其他地形特性的影响,如坡度和地形的二维性。
A simulated vortex within a large-eddy simulation is subjected to various surface terrain, implemented through the immersed boundary method, to analyze the effects of complex topography on vortex behavior. Thirty simulations, including a control with zero-height terrain, are grouped into four categories—2D sinusoidal hills, 3D hills, valleys, and ridges—with slight modifications within each category. A medium-swirl-ratio vortex is translated over shallow terrain, which is modest in size relative to the vortex core diameter and with no explicitly defined surface roughness. While domain size restricts results to the very near-field effects of terrain, vortex–terrain interaction yields notable results. Terrain influences act to increase the variability of the near-surface vortex, including a notable leftward (rightward) deflection, acceleration (deceleration), and an expansion (a contraction) of the vortex as it ascends (descends) the terrain owing to changes in the corner flow swirl ratio. Additionally, 10-m track analyses show stronger horizontal wind speeds are found 1) on upslope terrain, resulting from transient subvortices that are more intense compared to the control simulation, and 2) in between adjacent hills simultaneous with strong pressure perturbations that descend from aloft. Composite statistics confirm that the region in between adjacent hills has the strongest horizontal wind speeds, while upward motions are more intense during ascent. Overall, valley (ridge) simulations have the largest horizontal (vertically upward) wind speeds. Last, horizontal and vertical wind speeds are shown to be affected by other terrain properties such as slope steepness and two-dimensionality of the terrain.
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