Warring arthropod societies: Social spider colonies can delay annihilation by predatory ants via reduced apparency and increased group size
Warring arthropod societies: Social spider colonies can delay annihilation by predatory ants via reduced apparency and increased group size
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DOI：
10.1016/j.beproc.2015.07.005
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发表时间：
2015-10-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Pruitt, Jonathan N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Keiser, Carl N.;Wright, Colin M.;Pruitt, Jonathan N.
社会性通过集体觅食和反捕食者防御为个体提供了好处。然而，在大群体中生活的代价之一是增加了天敌的可见度。在这里，我们测试了蜘蛛社会的个体水平和集体特征如何增加被捕食蚂蚁发现和死亡的风险。我们将群居蜘蛛Stegodyphus dumicola的殖民地移植到一个栖息地，那里有它们的顶级捕食者之一，好斗的蚂蚁anplolepis的守护者。通过三个不同的实验，我们测试了在捕食者密集的栖息地中，群体范围内的存活率如何被群体的可见度（即，捕获网的存在），群体规模和群体组成（即，存在的大胆和害羞性格类型的比例）所改变。我们还测试了蜘蛛的社会环境（即，独居与在同种动物中生活）如何改变它们对捕获网中的蚂蚁的行为。掠食性蚂蚁发现蛛网完好的蚁群的速度比蛛网被移除的蚁群平均快25%，而且所有发现的蚁群最终都会崩溃并屈服于捕食。然而，从蚂蚁发现到蚁群崩溃的滞后时间对于包含更多个体的蚁群来说更大。个体人格类型的组成对存活率没有影响。社会群体中的蜘蛛比孤立的蜘蛛更有可能接近被他们的网捕获的蚂蚁。孤立的蜘蛛更有可能攻击安全的猎物（飞蛾），而不是攻击蚂蚁；与飞蛾接触后相比，它们更有可能在接触蚂蚁后撤退。总之，我们的数据表明，大型动物社会产生的物理结构可以增加它们对天敌的可见度，尽管更大的群体可以促进从发现到死亡之间的较长滞后时间。最后，蜘蛛和食肉蚂蚁之间的相互作用似乎取决于蜘蛛所处的社会环境。(C) 2015 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
Sociality provides individuals with benefits via collective foraging and anti-predator defense. One of the costs of living in large groups, however, is increased apparency to natural enemies. Here, we test how the individual-level and collective traits of spider societies can increase the risk of discovery and death by predatory ants. We transplanted colonies of the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola into a habitat dense with one of their top predators, the pugnacious ant Anoplolepis custodiens. With three different experiments, we test how colony-wide survivorship in a predator-dense habitat can be altered by colony apparency (i.e., the presence of a capture web), group size, and group composition (i.e., the proportion of bold and shy personality types present). We also test how spiders' social context (i.e., living solitarily vs. among conspecifics) modifies their behaviour toward ants in their capture web. Colonies with capture webs intact were discovered by predatory ants on average 25% faster than colonies with the capture web removed, and all discovered colonies eventually collapsed and succumbed to predation. However, the lag time from discovery by ants to colony collapse was greater for colonies containing more individuals. The composition of individual personality types in the group had no influence on survivorship. Spiders in a social group were more likely to approach ants caught in their web than were isolated spiders. Isolated spiders were more likely to attack a safe prey item (a moth) than they were to attack ants and were more likely to retreat from ants after contact than they were after contact with moths. Together, our data suggest that the physical structures produced by large animal societies can increase their apparency to natural enemies, though larger groups can facilitate a longer lag time between discovery and demise. Lastly, the interaction between spiders and predatory ants seems to depend on the social context in which spiders reside. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.