Similarity of anthropogenic stressors is multifaceted and scale dependent
Similarity of anthropogenic stressors is multifaceted and scale dependent
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DOI：
10.1002/ntls.20210076
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发表时间：
2022-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jackson, Michelle C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Orr, James A.;Rillig, Matthias C.;Jackson, Michelle C.
人类的影响创造了一个所有生态系统都暴露于具有不同特征和影响的多种压力源的世界。整理这张不断扩大的压力源清单，为我们提供了得出一般规律、了解影响并改进预测的机会。评估人为压力源的相似性可以从不同的角度进行，我们在此综合。压力源可以通过询问它们是什么（特征）、它们为什么存在（来源）、它们在哪里发生（空间重叠）、何时发生（时间重叠）、它们如何影响生物体（作用模式）以及它们影响谁（共同耐受）来进行比较。因此，压力源相似性的一些概念与压力源本身的内在特征有关（例如来源和特征），而其他概念与压力源效应的相似性有关，因此依赖于测量压力源效应的生态尺度（例如作用方式和共同耐受）。将压力源相似性视为一个多面性和尺度依赖性的概念，将为压力源分类开辟新的途径，将增强对压力源综合效应的预测，甚至可能为管理新的或新兴的压力源提供信息。影响全球生物多样性和生态系统功能的人为压力源可以是物理的（如变暖）、化学的（如杀虫剂）或生物的（如疾病）。我们表明，压力源可以通过询问它们是什么、为什么存在、在哪里发生、何时发生、它们如何影响生物体、影响谁、影响哪些生物体来进行比较。了解压力源的相似性需要跨学科的合作，这将有助于我们管理受到越来越多压力源威胁的物种和栖息地。
Human influences have created a world where all ecosystems are exposed to multiple stressors with diverse characteristics and impacts. Organizing this ever-expanding list of stressors presents the opportunity to derive general rules, to understand effects and to improve predictions. Assessing the similarity of anthropogenic stressors can be approached from different perspectives, which we synthesize here. Stressors can be compared by asking what they are (traits), why they are present (sources), where they occur (spatial overlap), when they occur (temporal overlap), how they affect organisms (mode of action) and who they affect (co-tolerance). Some concepts of stressor similarity are thus related to intrinsic features of the stressors themselves (e.g. sources and traits), while other concepts pertain to the similarity of the effects of stressors and are therefore dependent on the ecological scale at which the effects of stressors are measured (e.g. mode of action and co-tolerance). Viewing stressor similarity as a multi-faceted and scale-dependent concept will open new avenues for stressor classification, will enhance predictions of the combined effects of stressors and may even inform the management of novel or emerging stressors.Keypoints:The anthropogenic stressors that are impacting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide can be physical (e.g. warming), chemical (e.g. pesticides) or biological (e.g. disease) in nature.We show that stressors can be compared by asking what they are, why they are present, where they occur, when they occur, how they affect organisms and who, or which organisms, they affect.Understanding the similarity of stressors requires interdisciplinary collaboration and will help us to manage species and habitats threatend by a growing number of stressors.