Estimating the leakage contribution of phosphate dosed drinking water to environmental phosphorus pollution at the national-scale.
Estimating the leakage contribution of phosphate dosed drinking water to environmental phosphorus pollution at the national-scale.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.121
复制
发表时间：
2016-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Ascott;D. Gooddy;D. Lapworth;Marianne Stuart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Ascott;D. Gooddy;D. Lapworth;Marianne Stuart
了解磷（P）的环境来源对于淡水和海洋生态系统的管理至关重要。在水处理厂中添加磷酸盐有多种原因：减少管道腐蚀，降低客户水龙头中溶解的铅和铜浓度，以及减少铁和锰沉淀物的形成，这些沉淀物可能导致水的美学质量下降。然而，磷酸盐泄漏到环境中的空间分布添加到自来水的铅溶解度控制尚未被量化的日期。使用自来水公司的泄漏率，泄漏敏感性和道路网络映射，我们量化的总通量P泄漏水管在英格兰和威尔士在1公里的网格规模。这一点已根据英国最大自来水公司报告的泄漏得到验证。对于2014年，我们估计P从泄漏干线到环境的总通量为c。1.2 kt P/年。在空间上，P通量集中在管道密度最高的城市地区，主要城市是P的重要来源（例如，伦敦流入泰晤士河，可能占总通量的30%）。该模型表明，大部分（69%）的P通量可能是地表水。这是由于渗漏敏感性是土壤腐蚀性和收缩-膨胀行为的函数，两者都受低渗透性粘土的控制。伦敦等主要城市靠近海岸，导致P从干线泄漏到河口环境的潜在显着通量。在未来的源解析和生态系统管理中，应考虑磷酸盐投加的自来水泄漏的贡献。所介绍的方法是通用的，可以应用于在投资规划期间进行磷酸盐投加或在投加之前使用磷酸盐投加的其他国家。
Understanding sources of phosphorus (P) to the environment is critical for the management of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Phosphate is added at water treatment works for a variety of reasons: to reduce pipe corrosion, to lower dissolved lead and copper concentrations at customer's taps and to reduce the formation of iron and manganese precipitates which can lead to deterioration in the aesthetic quality of water. However, the spatial distribution of leakage into the environment of phosphate added to mains water for plumbosolvency control has not been quantified to date. Using water company leakage rates, leak susceptibility and road network mapping, we quantify the total flux of P from leaking water mains in England and Wales at a 1 km grid scale. This is validated against reported leaks for the UKs largest water utility. For 2014, we estimate the total flux of P from leaking mains to the environment to be c. 1.2 kt P/year. Spatially, P flux is concentrated in urban areas where pipe density is highest, with major cities acting as a significant source of P (e.g. London into the Thames, with potentially 30% of total flux). The model suggests the majority (69%) of the P flux is likely to be to surface water. This is due to leakage susceptibility being a function of soil corrosivity and shrink–swell behaviour which are both controlled by presence of low-permeability clays. The location of major cities such as London close to the coast results in a potentially significant flux of P from mains leakage to estuarine environments. The contribution of leakage of phosphate dosed mains water should be considered in future source apportionment and ecosystem management. The methodology presented is generic and can be applied in other countries where phosphate dosing is undertaken or used prior to dosing during investment planning.