Seeing the State: Technologies of rule and the war on poverty
Seeing the State: Technologies of rule and the war on poverty
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观察国家：统治技术和反贫困之战
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511492211.004
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Véron
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Corbridge;Glyn Williams;M. Srivastava;R. Véron
引言 阿图罗·埃斯科瓦尔在其关于第三世界的形成和毁灭的著名论述中指出，不仅杜鲁门总统在 1949 年 1 月 29 日的第四点演讲中开启了一个发展主义时代，而且随后的援助计划也因经济欠发达国家“发现大规模贫困”而被证明是合理的（埃斯科瓦尔 1995：21）。在提出这些主张时，埃斯科瓦尔引导我们将贫困的产生作为更广泛的（地缘）政治话语的一部分，这是本章的中心主题。贫穷作为一种失败或作为一套不完整的能力的产生，与那些可以被贴上穷人标签的人的产生有关，这些人要么因为患有某些病症而受到指责——文盲的男人必须接受教育，过度生育的女人其身体必须受到约束——和/或被誉为值得他人帮助的人。农村社会的成员在被外人贴上贫困标签之前是否没有意识到自己的贫困，正如拉克什曼·亚帕（Lakshman Yapa）在斯里兰卡长大时所坚持的那样，这是我们稍后考虑的问题。但很明显，不同政府和其他机构制造的贫困创造了许多“穷人”必然会看到“国家”的空间。
Introduction In his now-famous account of the making and unmaking of the Third World, Arturo Escobar argues not only that an era of developmentalism was inaugurated by President Truman in his Point Four speech of 29 January 1949, but also that the aid programmes which followed were justified by ‘the discovery of mass poverty’ in the less economically accomplished countries (Escobar 1995: 21). In making these claims Escobar directs us to the production of poverty as part of a wider (geo)political discourse, and this is a central theme of this chapter. The production of poverty as a failing, or as an incomplete set of capabilities, is linked to the production of persons who can be labelled as poor, and who can either be reproached for being the bearers of certain pathologies – the illiterate man who has to be educated, the overly fecund woman whose body has to be disciplined – and/or acclaimed as people who deserve the help of others. Whether or not members of rural society are unaware of their poverty before they are labelled as such by outsiders, as Lakshman Yapa maintains was the case for him, growing up in Sri Lanka, is something we consider later. But it is clearly the case that the production of poverty by various government and other agencies creates many of the spaces within which ‘poorer people’ are bound to see ‘the state’.