Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic
Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic
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DOI：
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.029
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发表时间：
2006-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Muir, Derek C. G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Wit, Cynthia A.;Alaee, Mehran;Muir, Derek C. G.
多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）含有2至7个溴，在北极的生物和非生物样本（从浮游动物到北极熊（Ursus maritimus）和人类：空气、土壤、沉积物）中普遍存在。生物和非生物样本中也存在完全溴化的十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）、六溴环十二烷（HBCD）、四溴双酚A（TBBPA）和多溴联苯（PBBs）。多溴二苯醚和六溴环十二烷在顶级捕食者体内的空间趋势与多氯联苯的空间趋势相似，表明西欧和北美东部是来源区域。四溴至七溴二苯醚在北美和格陵兰北极生物群以及格陵兰淡水沉积物中的浓度显著增加，与更南部地区的趋势相似。20世纪90年代，在格陵兰游隼（Falco peregrinus）和加拿大北极地区的湖泊沉积物岩芯中发现BDE-209的浓度不断增加。据观察，BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100和BDE-153在北极食物网中具有生物放大作用。北极样本中的西格玛多溴二苯醚浓度低于来自更南部地区的类似样本类型，并且比西格玛多氯联苯浓度低一个或多个数量级，空气中的某些水平除外。空气和港口沉积物中多溴二苯醚的检测结果表明，在北极人口密集地区附近存在当地来源。苔藓上发现多溴联苯，空气过滤器上发现四溴双酚A。而且这两种物质都存在于高营养级生物群中，这表明这些化合物也可能通过远距离大气迁移到达北极。根据北极存在溴化阻燃剂的证据以及大多数（如果不是全部的话）溴化阻燃剂正在进行远距离迁移的迹象，这些溴化阻燃剂具有符合《斯德哥尔摩公约》规定的持久性有机污染物的特征。(c)2005爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to seven bromines are ubiquitous in Arctic biotic and abiotic samples (from zooplankton to polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and humans: air, soil, sediments). The fully brominated decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are also present in biotic and abiotic samples. Spatial trends of PBDEs and HBCD in top predators are similar to those seen for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and indicate western Europe and eastern North America as source regions. Concentrations of tetra- to heptaBDEs have increased significantly in North American and Greenlandic Arctic biota and in Greenland freshwater sediments paralleling trends seen further south. For BDE-209, increasing concentrations in Greenlandic peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and in dated lake sediment cores in the Canadian Arctic have been seen during the 1990s. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 are observed to biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Sigma PBDE concentrations in Arctic samples are lower than in similar sample types from more southerly regions and are one or more orders of magnitude lower than Sigma PCB concentrations except for some levels for air. Air and harbor sediment results for PBDEs indicate that there are local sources near highly Populated areas within the Arctic. Findings of PBBs on moss and TBBPA on an air filter. and that both are found in biota at high trophic levels indicates that these compounds may also reach the Arctic by long-range atmospheric transport. Based on the evidence of their presence in the Arctic and indications that most if not all are undergoing long-range transport, these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have characteristics that qualify them as POPs according to the Stockholm Convention. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.