Do Low-Cost Seismographs Perform Well Enough for Your Network? An Overview of Laboratory Tests and Field Observations of the OSOP Raspberry Shake 4D
Do Low-Cost Seismographs Perform Well Enough for Your Network? An Overview of Laboratory Tests and Field Observations of the OSOP Raspberry Shake 4D
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DOI：
10.1785/0220180251
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Wolin, Emily
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anthony, Robert E.;Ringler, Adam T.;Wolin, Emily
地震学家最近开始在密集部署中使用低成本节点传感器，以前所未有的空间分辨率对地震波场进行采样。地震早期预警系统和其他监测网络（如废水注入）也将受益于网络的致密化；然而，目前的节点传感器缺乏电力系统或这些应用所需的实时数据传输。这些网络的候选传感器可能是一个低成本的，一体化的包，如OSOP树莓摇4D （RS-4D）。RS-4D包括一个垂直分量检波器、三分量加速度计、数字化仪和近实时的迷你seed数据传输，每个单位的成本仅为几百美元。在这里，我们在阿尔伯克基地震实验室（ASL）对三个rs - 4d进行仪器测试。我们发现检波器的灵敏度被限制在名义的4%以内，但与地震网络中通常使用的宽带传感器相比，它们具有相对较高的自噪声水平。为了证明这将对附近事件的特征产生影响，我们使用美国地质调查局余震部署的Trillium Compact宽带传感器数据以及州内爱好者和私人所有者操作的23个树莓摇来估计俄克拉荷马州当地地震的震级。我们发现，对于距离地震台站20-100公里的M-L 2.0-4.0级地震，树莓摇需要比宽带传感器大0.3级的事件才能可靠地估计距离震中给定距离的M-L。我们得出结论，rs - 4d适合于为研究局部和区域事件而设计的骨干网的致密化。
Seismologists have recently begun using low-cost nodal sensors in dense deployments to sample the seismic wavefield at unprecedented spatial resolution. Earthquake early warning systems and other monitoring networks (e.g., wastewater injection) would also benefit from network densification; however, current nodal sensors lack power systems or the real-time data transmission required for these applications. A candidate sensor for these networks may instead be a low-cost, all-in-one package such as the OSOP Raspberry Shake 4D (RS-4D). The RS-4D includes a vertical-component geophone, three-component accelerometer, digitizer, and near-real-time mini-SEED data transmission and costs only a few hundred dollars per unit. Here, we step through instrument testing of three RS-4Ds at the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (ASL). We find that the geophones have sensitivities constrained to within 4% of nominal, but that they have relatively high self-noise levels compared with the broadband sensors typically used in seismic networks. To demonstrate the impact this would have on characterizing nearby events, we estimate local magnitudes of earthquakes in Oklahoma using Trillium Compact broadband sensor data from U.S. Geological Survey aftershock deployments as well as 23 Raspberry Shakes operated by hobbyists and private owners within the state. We find that for M-L 2.0-4.0 earthquakes at distances of 20-100 km from seismic stations, the Raspberry Shakes require events of magnitude similar to 0.3 larger than the broadband sensors to reliably estimate M-L at a given distance from the epicenter. We conclude that RS-4Ds are suitable for densifying backbone networks designed for studies of local and regional events.