THE INTERACTION OF MOVING WATER AND SESSILE ORGANISMS
THE INTERACTION OF MOVING WATER AND SESSILE ORGANISMS
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DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican1282-124
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发表时间：
1982-01-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
KOEHL, MAR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
KOEHL, MAR
任何人走在暴露的。在退潮时，沿着海岸多岩石的人们可能会注意到，数量惊人、种类繁多的植物和动物附着在海底，它们经常受到海浪的冲击。这些无根生物面临着被流动的水冲走的危险，但它们依靠水来给它们带来营养，带走它们的废物，并经常把它们的后代分散到新的地方。他们是如何管理的？在仔细研究无根植物和动物时，就像我在南北美洲的太平洋沿岸和加勒比海的珊瑚礁上所做的那样，人们会发现，这些生物体现了在流水的影响最大化和最小化之间的各种妥协。生活在缓慢水流中的生物通常具有通过流动的水来弥补运输不足的特征；例如，它们可以创造自己的进食电流，或者耐受低水平的氧气。同样地，生活在湍急水流中的生物通常具有增强其承受和利用湍急水流的能力的特征。使这些生物能够在一个地方生存的特征比人们想象的要多样化得多。想要探索无根有机体如何机械地处理流动的水的研究者面临许多问题。有机体的结构是如何影响经过它的水流和水流对它产生的力的？有机体的形状如何决定其组织在受到流动力时所受的压力？（应力是承载载荷的材料的每横截面积的力或载荷。）器官的结构材料是如何影响其变形或断裂的方式，以响应流动引起的应力？无柄海洋生物生活在几种基本类型的水流中。潮间带和潮下生境有一个主要的区别，即生境在低潮线和高潮线之间
Anyone walking along an exposed. n. rocky seacoast at low tide may notice that a remarkable number and variety of plants and animals live attached to the bottom and that they are often battered by waves. Such sessile or ganisms are at risk of being ripped away by the moving water, and yet they de pend on the water to bring them nutri ents, to carry off their wastes and often to disperse their offspring to new loca tions. How do they manage? What one learns on examining sessile plants and animals closely, as I have been doing along the Pacific coast of North and South America and on Carib bean coral reefs, is that the organisms embody diverse compromises between maximizing and minimizing the effects of flowing water. Organisms living in a slow flow often have features that compensate for the lack of transport by moving water; for example, they can create their own feeding currents or tol erate low levels of oxygen. Similarly, or ganisms living in a fast flow often have features that enhance their ability to withstand and utilize the water rushing past them. The features that enable ses sile organisms to stand in one place are more varied than one might expect. A number of questions confront the investigator who wants to explore how a sessile organism deals mechanically with moving water. How does the struc ture of the organism affect the flow of water past it and the flow-induced forces on it? How does the organism's shape determine the stress on its tissues when it is subjected to flow forces?(Stress is the force or load per cross-sectional area of the material bearing the load.) How does the structural material of an organ ism affect the way it deforms or breaks in response to flow-induced stresses? Sessile marine organisms live in sever al basic types of flow. There is a major distinction between intertidal and sub tidal habitats, that is, the habitats be tween the low-and high-tide lines and