Bombus terrestris, pollinator, invasive and pest: An assessment of problems associated with its widespread introductions for commercial purposes
Bombus terrestris, pollinator, invasive and pest: An assessment of problems associated with its widespread introductions for commercial purposes
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DOI：
10.1303/aez.2010.101
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发表时间：
2010-02-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Goka, Koichi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dafni, Amots;Kevan, Peter;Goka, Koichi
Bombus terrestris L.(蜂科)原产于欧亚大陆的温带地区，自19世纪以来一直在世界各地迁徙。20世纪80年代，当欧洲人工饲养蜜蜂并为温室授粉服务提供商业服务时，B.terrestris的传播势头增强。在商业引进后很早的时候，人们就认识到这种物种是入侵的，可以从岛上跳到新的地点，并可能扰乱当地的生态系统。Terrestris的入侵特征是：迁徙能力强，季节出现早，对各种生境的不利气候条件适应性强，通用或多变的觅食策略，使其能够利用各种花卉寻找资源，远距离觅食，温度调节代谢使其能够抵御低温，在其自然范围以外的地区没有天敌阻止种群增长，它在新的殖民区可能在一年内发育两个生殖周期。此外，商业蜜蜂产生更多的雌蜂，是比当地同种蜜蜂更好的竞争对手，并可能在可能的逃逸事件中取代它们。已记录的关于B.terrestris对自然生态系统的入侵影响的证据包括：与当地蜜蜂动物群的负面相互作用，与当地Bombus spp.争夺巢址和遗传污染，寄生虫和病原体的传播，以及与植物繁殖能力的负面相互作用。我们讨论了必须采取的可能措施，以最大限度地减少当地和全球层面上的白纹伊蚊入侵。
Bombus terrestris L. (Apidae) is a native of temperate Eurasia and has been moved around the world since the 1800s. Dispersal of B. terrestris gained momentum in the 1980s when bees were reared artificially in Europe and supplied commercially for greenhouse pollination services. Very early after its commercial introduction, it was recognized that this species is invasive, can island hop to new locations and may disturb local ecosystems. The invasive characteristics of B. terrestris are: high migration ability, early seasonal emergence, high adaptability under adverse climatic conditions in various habitats, generalist or polylectic foraging strategies, enabling it to work a wide variety of flowers for resources, foraging over wide distances, a thermoregulatory metabolism that enables it to withstand low temperatures, no natural enemies to check population growth in areas outside its natural range, and it may develop two reproductive cycles in a year (bivoltine) in a newly colonized area. In addition, commercial bees produce more gynes and are better competitors than the local conspecific populations and may replace them in the likely event of an escape. The documented evidence on invasive impact of B. terrestris on natural ecosystems includes: negative interactions with local bee fauna, competition for nest sites with, and genetic contamination of, local Bombus spp., spread of parasites and pathogens and negative interactions with plant reproductive capacity. We discuss the possible measures that must be taken to minimize the B. terrestris invasion on local as well as on global levels.