The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats II: The effects of amphetamine, haloperidol, imipramine, chlordiazepoxide and other drugs on fixed consecutive number schedules (FCN 8 and FCN 32)
The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats II: The effects of amphetamine, haloperidol, imipramine, chlordiazepoxide and other drugs on fixed consecutive number schedules (FCN 8 and FCN 32)
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DOI：
10.1007/s002130050673
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发表时间：
1998-08-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Evenden, JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evenden, JL
药物对冲动行为的一个方面的影响是使用一个时间表来评估的，在这个时间表中，大鼠被训练在两个杠杆中的一个杠杆上完成固定的连续数量的反应，然后按下第二个杠杆以获得一个杠杆（FCN）。在完成FCN之前终止链导致遗漏食物，可以被认为是冲动的决定。训练两组食物剥夺大鼠在按压右杆（加强杆）之前按压两杆操作室的左杆（FCN杆）8或32次以递送食物颗粒。在序列完成前对加强杆做出响应导致短暂超时，大鼠必须再次开始序列。在反应稳定后，用一系列剂量的多种药物对大鼠进行治疗。冲动性进行了评估的几项措施，包括平均链长和比例的链终止在食品交付，并分析了链长的分布。大鼠在FCN 8和FCN 32下的效率相似，尽管在FCN 32下更难保持一致的基线。在FCN 8方案下，使用d-苯丙胺（0.8-2.4 mg/kg）、氟哌啶醇（0.1 mg/kg）、乙醇（1和3 g/kg）和利氮卓（10.0 mg/kg）时，链长显著降低，其他测量值也发生变化，与冲动性增加一致。丙咪嗪（1-10 mg/kg），西酞普兰（1-10 mg/kg）和甲麦角林（0.3-3.0 mg/kg）对平均链长没有影响，尽管前两种药物使链长分布向左移动，（0.4-1.2毫克/千克）和五氯苯酚（100 mg/kg）减少链长，并具有与FCN 32方案下冲动性增加一致的其他效应，而丙咪嗪几乎没有效应，西酞普兰没有效应。一般而言，活性药物的作用相对不具特异性，包括反应率降低和建议用于反映冲动性增加的选择措施改变。对安非他明作用的详细分析表明，有三个过程在起作用：链条缩短，对与食物传递最密切相关的杠杆的偏好增加，以及对反应的控制从反应序列（模式）逐渐转移到个人杠杆按压（行为）。
The effects of drugs on one aspect of impulsive behaviour were evaluated using a schedule in which rats were trained to complete a fixed consecutive number of responses on one of two levers before pressing the second to obtain a reinforcer (FCN). Terminating the chain before completing the FCN resulted in the omission of the food, and can be considered an impulsive decision. Two groups of food-deprived rats were trained to press either 8 or 32 times on the left lever (FCN lever) of a two lever operant chamber before pressing the right lever (Reinforcement lever) to deliver a food pellet. Responding on the Reinforcement lever before completion of the sequence resulted in a short time-out and the rat had to begin the sequence again. After responding had stabilised, the rats were treated with a range of doses of a number of drugs. Impulsivity was assessed by several measures, including the mean chain length and the proportion of chains terminating in food delivery, and the distribution of chain lengths was analysed. The efficiency of the rats was similar under both FCN 8 and FCN 32, although it was more difficult to maintain a consistent baseline under FCN 32. Under the FCN 8 schedule, significant decreases in chain length were obtained with d-amphetamine (0.8-2.4 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), ethanol (1 and 3 g/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (10.0 mg/kg), and there were alterations in other measures consistent with an increase in impulsivity. Imipramine (1-10 mg/kg), citalopram (1-10 mg/kg) and metergoline (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) had no effect on mean chain length, although the first two drugs shifted the chain length distribution to the left, d-Amphetamine (0.4-1.2 mg/kg) and PCPA (100 mg/kg) reduced chain length and had other effects consistent with increased impulsivity under FCN 32 schedule, whereas imipramine had little, and citalopram no, effect. Taken generally, effect of the active drugs was relatively non-specific, including both a reduction in response rate and alterations in choice measures proposed to reflect an increase in impulsivity. Detailed analysis of the effect of amphetamine revealed that three processes were at work: chain shortening, an increased preference for the lever most closely associated with food delivery, and a gradual shift in the control over responding from the response sequence (pattern) to the individual lever press (act).