Habitat changes in the Mediterranean sea and the consequences for harmful algal blooms formation
Habitat changes in the Mediterranean sea and the consequences for harmful algal blooms formation
复制标题
地中海的栖息地变化以及有害藻华形成的后果
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Camp
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Garcés;J. Camp
有害藻华 (HAB) 是地中海沿岸水域经常发生的事件，可能影响较大或较小的局部区域。 HAB 对人类健康、海洋生态系统以及旅游、渔业和水产养殖等资源构成威胁。虽然人类活动对最近 HAB 发病率增加的一些贡献已被认识到，但这些水华的确切原因仍在争论中。本章提供了关于地中海（MS）有害和有毒浮游植物大量繁殖的最新综合视角，特别是与过去几十年那里发生的人类影响和栖息地变化有关的观点。 MS 的早期概念模型描述了浮游植物生物量值较低的寡营养海洋，在季节性浮游植物繁殖期间（冬末早春）或在锋面、气旋回旋或深部叶绿素最大值等空间结构中，生物量略有增加。因此，近海水域发生和维持高生物量水华的可能性较低。根据我们目前对有害藻华的了解，在沿海近岸水域和特定“热点”，养分可用性、浮游植物丰度和有害藻类物种的水平被认为远高于开放水域。当代概念模型考虑到微藻在沿海近岸水域频繁的小规模和局部增殖。 MS沿海HAB是多种多样的、高度局部化的，并且要么每年复发，要么以看似任意的方式出现，没有明确的模式。它们的持续时间可能较短（2 或 3 周），也可能较长（长达 2 个月），具体取决于单独或共同影响开花动态的几个因素。因此，花朵是多种多样的，并且在某些情况下是不可预测的。季节性并不是一个恒定的特征；虽然大多数花朵发生在夏季，但它们也可能出现在冬季。这些水华造成的损害以及对其发生情况缺乏清晰的了解都强调了建立适当的监测系统的重要性，以获取实施预防措施所需的知识，以及针对 Esther Garcés 和 Jordi Camp 520 阻止这些爆发的预防措施。最后，我们讨论了过去几十年来 MS 沿海地区发生的人类活动和栖息地变化导致水华的可能原因。水华增加的人为强迫可能与 MS 自然海岸线的改变以及随后承压水域数量和面积的增加有关。这主要发生在北部盆地。这些信息将有助于更全面地评估赤潮区对 MS 生态系统的影响，以及可以采取哪些措施（如果有的话）来减轻这些影响。
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are recurring events in Mediterranean coastal waters and can affect either large or smaller, more localized areas. HABs pose a threat to human health, marine ecosystems, and resources such as tourism, fisheries, and aquaculture. While some of the contributions of human activities to the recent increase in HAB incidence have been recognized, the exact causes of these blooms are still under debate. The present chapter provides an up-to-date and integrated perspective on harmful and toxic phytoplankton blooms in the Mediterranean Sea (MS), especially in relation to the human impacts and habitat changes that have occurred there during the past few decades. The earlier conceptual model of the MS described an oligotrophic sea with low values of phytoplankton biomass with a modest increase of biomass during seasonal phytoplankton blooms (late winter early spring) or in spatial structures as fronts, cyclonic gyres or in the deep chlorophyll maximum. Thus there was a low probability of high biomass bloom occurrence and maintenance in offshore waters. Based on our current knowledge of HABs, in coastal nearshore waters and in specific “hot spots,” the levels of nutrient availability, phytoplankton abundance, and harmful algal species are recognized as being much higher than in open waters. The contemporary conceptual model takes into account the frequent small-scale and localized proliferations of microalgae in the coastal nearshore waters. Coastal HABs in the MS are diverse, highly localized, and either recur annually or emerge in a seemingly arbitrary manner, without a defined pattern. They may be of short duration (2 or 3 weeks) or prolonged (up to 2 months) depending on several factors which, individually or collectively, influence bloom dynamics. Thus, blooms are diverse and in some cases non-predictable. Seasonality is not a constant feature; while most blooms occur in the summer they may also appear in winter. Both the damage caused by these blooms and the lack of a clear understanding of their occurrence underline the importance of establishing appropriate monitoring systems to gain the knowledge needed to implement preventative as well as prophylactic measures aimed at Esther Garcés and Jordi Camp 520 impeding these outbreaks. Finally, we discuss the possible causes of the blooms in relation the human activities and habitat changes that have occurred in the MS coastal areas during the last few decades. An anthropogenic forcing of bloom increase can be specifically related to the modification of the MS natural coastline and a subsequent increase in the number and size of areas of confined water. This has been occurred mainly in the northern basin. The information will contribute to a more thorough assessment of the impacts of HABs on the ecosystems of the MS and thus what, if anything, can be done to alleviate these impacts.
影响因子：
6.6
作者：
Heisler J;Glibert P;Burkholder J;Anderson D;Cochlan W;Dennison W;Gobler C;Dortch Q;Heil C;Humphries E;Lewitus A;Magnien R;Marshall H;Sellner K;Stockwell D;Stoecker D;Suddleson M
通讯作者：
Suddleson M