Climate, energy and environmental policies in agriculture: Simulating likely farmer responses in Southwest Germany
Climate, energy and environmental policies in agriculture: Simulating likely farmer responses in Southwest Germany
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DOI：
10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.028
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发表时间：
2015-07
期刊：
影响因子：
7.1
通讯作者：
C. Troost;T. Walter;T. Berger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Troost;T. Walter;T. Berger
许多工业化国家的农业受到各种政策干预的影响，这些政策干预旨在实现雄心勃勃的气候、能源和环境相关目标。然而，增加对农业生产气候友好型可再生能源的支持，可能会导致与旨在扩大土地使用和保护景观的农业环境政策发生潜在冲突。政策实施方面的这些潜在权衡和不一致尚未得到很好的理解，因为传统的农业经济评估工具是在一个区域的总体水平上工作的，当在沼气生产投资和参与农业环境政策计划之间做出选择时，不能完全捕捉农民可能的反应。水平的模型来分析反应的异质性农业人口在德国西南部的德国可再生能源法案（EEG），一方面，和农业环境政策计划MEKA，另一方面所设置的激励措施。我们的模拟表明，由于EEG支持的沼气生产，MEKA参与可能会大幅减少。2012年EEG修订能否成功减少农业景观的“玉米化”，关键取决于当地对沼气余热的需求。在任何情况下，修订《能源和环境法》并没有缓解扩大可再生能源与环境考虑之间的冲突，而是将优先事项从前者转移到后者：模拟的玉米面积减少是通过大幅度减少整体沼气产量（“产出效应”）而不是通过鼓励玉米密集度较低的原料混合（“替代效应”）来实现的。
Agriculture in many industrialized countries is subject to a wide range of policy interventions that seek to achieve ambitious climate, energy and environment-related objectives. Increasing support for the generation of climate-friendly, renewable energy in agriculture, however, may lead to potential conflicts with agri-environmental policies aimed at land use extensification and landscape preservation. These potential trade-offs and inconsistencies in terms of policy implementation are not yet well understood, since conventional tools for agricultural economic assessment work on an aggregate regional level and do not fully capture the likely farmer responses when making a choice between investments in biogas production and participation in agri-environmental policy schemes.We employed a farm-level model to analyze the reaction of a heterogeneous farming population in Southwest Germany to the incentives set by the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG), on the one hand, and the agri-environmental policy scheme MEKA, on the other. Our simulations indicate a potentially large decrease of MEKA participation due to biogas production supported under EEG. The success of the 2012 EEG revision in reducing the ‘maizification’ of agricultural landscapes will critically depend on the local demand for biogas excess heat. In any case, the EEG revision does not alleviate conflicts between the expansion of renewable energy and environmental considerations, but rather shifts priorities from the former to the later: the simulated reductions of maize areas are achieved by a considerable reduction in overall biogas production (“output effect”), and not by encouraging less maize-intensive feedstock mixes (“substitution effect”).