THE FLIGHT OF PETRELS AND ALBATROSSES (PROCELLARIIFORMES), OBSERVED IN SOUTH GEORGIA AND ITS VICINITY
THE FLIGHT OF PETRELS AND ALBATROSSES (PROCELLARIIFORMES), OBSERVED IN SOUTH GEORGIA AND ITS VICINITY
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1982.0158
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发表时间：
1982-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
PENNYCUICK, CJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
PENNYCUICK, CJ
1979-1980年，英国南极调查局在访问南格鲁吉亚鸟岛期间，对9种原细胞形鱼类进行了研究，其体重范围超过200：1。速度测量是由鸟航经纬仪的鸟类斜坡，翱翔在陆地上，鸟类飞行在海上，但从陆地上观察，从船上观察鸟类。在第二组中，表现出最少的异常，对应于平均空速的升力系数对于信天翁来说大约为1，对于最小的海燕来说则下降到大约0.3。所有的物种在逆风飞行时都会增加速度。小的物种通过拍打滑翔前进，而大的物种很少拍打，只有在微风中。小的物种比大的物种飞得低，但这可能与大多数观察到的鸟类都是迎风飞行的事实有关。信天翁（Diomedea，Phoebetria）和巨型海燕（Macronectes）被发现有一个“肩锁”，由一个肌腱片与胸肌，限制从海拔以上的水平翼。这种安排在较小的物种中没有发现，并被解释为减少滑翔飞行的能量消耗的适应。大型鸟类的主要滑翔方式是沿着浪坡滑翔。在大型和中型的物种中，可以看到迎风的“向上拉”，这暗示了经典的“动态飙升”技术。然而，计算出的风梯度强度不足以将空速维持在观测到的高度，因此得出结论，拉起的大部分能量必须来自动能，即在斜坡升力中沿沿着波浪滑行所获得的动能。顺风滑翔通过风梯度应显着增加滑翔比，但这是没有观察到的。记录了在无风条件下沿沿着移动波浪的斜坡飙升。这些数据被用来估计不同物种在觅食探险中应该能够保持的平均速度。考虑到较小的物种更依赖于拍打，而较大的物种更依赖于飙升，还对能量消耗率进行了估计。在消耗相当于身体质量的一个给定部分的燃料时，所行驶的距离似乎非常强烈地依赖于质量。最大的物种（Diomedea exulans）与最小的物种（Oceanites oceanicus）的比较表明，以这种方式定义的“范围”随质量的0.60幂而变化，尽管这种关系比简单的幂函数更复杂。
Nine procellariiform species, covering a range of body mass exceeding 200: 1, were studied during a visit to Bird Island, South Georgia, with the British Antarctic Survey, in the 1979-1980 field season. Speed measurements were made by ornithodolite of birds slope-soaring over land, birds flying over the sea but observed from land, and birds observed from a ship. In the second group, which showed the least anomalies, lift coefficients corresponding to mean airspeeds were about 1 for albatrosses, decreasing to about 0.3 for the smallest petrels. All species increased speed when flying against the wind. The small species proceeded by flap-gliding, while the large ones flapped infrequently, and only in light winds. The small species flew lower than the larger ones, but this may be related to the fact that most of the observations were of birds flying into wind. The albatrosses (Diomedea, Phoebetria) and giant petrels (Macronectes) were found to have a ‘shoulder lock’, consisting of a tendon sheet associated with the pectoralis muscle, which restrained the wing from elevation above the horizontal. This arrangement was not seen in the smaller species, and was interpreted as an adaptation reducing the energy cost of gliding flight. The main soaring method in the large species appeared to be slope-soaring along waves. Windward ‘pullups’ suggestive of the classical ‘dynamic soaring’ technique were seen in large and medium-sized species. However, the calculated strength of the wind gradient would have been insufficient to maintain airspeed to the heights observed, and it was concluded that most of the energy for the pullups must come from kinetic energy, acquired by gliding along a wave in slope lift. Gliding downwind through the wind gradient should significantly increase the glide ratio, but this was not observed. Slope-soaring along moving waves in zero wind was recorded. The data were used to derive estimates of the average speeds that the different species should be able to maintain on foraging expeditions. Estimates of the rate of energy consumption were also made, taking into account the greater dependence on flapping in the smaller species, and on soaring in the larger ones. The distance travelled in consuming fuel equivalent to a given fraction of the body mass would seem to be very strongly dependent on mass. Comparison of the largest species (Diomedea exulans) with the smallest (Oceanites oceanicus) suggests that ‘range’, defined in this way, varies as the 0.60 power of the mass, although the relation is more complex than a simple power function.