Plant vacuoles
Plant vacuoles
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DOI：
10.1105/tpc.11.4.587
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发表时间：
1999-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Marty, F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marty, F
植物细胞的液泡是多功能细胞器，对植物发育的细胞策略起着中心作用。它们与藻类和酵母的液泡以及动物细胞的溶酶体有一些共同的基本特性。它们是裂解隔室，作为离子和包括色素在内的代谢物的储存库，对解毒和一般细胞动态平衡过程至关重要。它们参与细胞对引发压力的环境和生物因素的反应。在植物的营养器官中，它们与细胞壁结合产生膨胀力，膨胀力是水力僵硬和生长的驱动力。在种子和专门的储存组织中，它们是储存储备蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物的场所。通过这种方式，液泡提供了对植物生命至关重要的物理和新陈代谢功能。植物细胞液泡是在早期的显微镜下发现的，正如该词的词源所示，最初定义为没有细胞质的细胞空间。随着时间的推移，技术进步以不同的方式改变了植物液泡的运行定义。今天，定义仍然被任何特定研究中使用的工具和概念所影响。事实上，显微镜、生物化学、遗传学和分子生物学的结合是研究植物液泡的基础。在这篇综述中，液泡被暂时定义为植物细胞中作为分泌途径的最终产物而出现的细胞内的隔室。它们与液泡器的其他成分(即液泡和那些致力于成为液泡或立即完成液泡功能的膜体)在个体发育和功能上是相连的。实验证据表明，植物液泡系统中的物质既来自细胞内的生物合成途径，也来自协调的内吞途径。生物发生途径包括(1)将进入液泡的蛋白质从通过分泌途径的早期阶段输送到细胞表面的蛋白质中分离出来；(2)质膜物质的内吞作用；(3)空泡形成的自噬途径；(4)直接从细胞质到空泡的输送。最终，分选和靶向机制确保特定的蛋白质被忠实地分配来执行空泡功能。关于液泡生物学的具体方面的详细信息，读者可参考对这一问题的其他贡献(即Battey等人，1999；SanderFoot和Raikhel，1999)和以前的综述(Herman，1994；Okita和Rogers，1996；Bassham和Raikhel，1997；Marty，1997；Robinson和Hinz，1997；Neuhaus和Rogers，1998；Herman和Larkins，1999)。
The vacuoles of plant cells are multifunctional organelles that are central to cellular strategies of plant development. They share some of their basic properties with the vacuoles of algae and yeast and the lysosomes of animal cells. They are lytic compartments, function as reservoirs for ions and metabolites, including pigments, and are crucial to processes of detoxification and general cell homeostasis. They are involved in cellular responses to environmental and biotic factors that provoke stress. In the vegetative organs of the plant, they act in combination with the cell wall to generate turgor, the driving force for hydraulic stiffness and growth. In seeds and specialized storage tissues, they serve as sites for storing reserve proteins and soluble carbohydrates. In this way, vacuoles serve physical and metabolic functions that are essential to plant life. Plant cell vacuoles were discovered with the early microscope and, as indicated in the etymology of the word, originally defined as a cell space empty of cytoplasmic matter. Technical progress has variously altered the operating definition of the plant vacuole over time. Today, definitions continue to be colored by the tools and concepts brought to bear in any given study. Indeed, the combination of microscopy, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology is fundamental to research into the plant vacuole. In this review, vacuoles are provisionally defined as the intracellular compartments that arise as a terminal product of the secretory pathway in plant cells. They are ontogenetically and functionally linked with other components of the vacuolar apparatus (ie, vacuoles and those membranous bodies that are either committed to becoming vacuolar or have immediately completed a vacuolar function). Experimental evidence suggests that material within the vacuolar system in plants derives confluently from both an intracellular biosynthetic pathway and a coordinated endocytotic pathway. The biogenetic pathways include (1) sorting of proteins destined for the vacuole away from those to be delivered to the cell surface after transit through the early stages of the secretory pathway;(2) endocytosis of materials from the plasma membrane;(3) autophagy pathways for vacuole formation; and (4) direct cytoplasm-to-vacuole delivery. Ultimately, sorting and targeting mechanisms ensure that specific proteins are faithfully assigned to conduct the vacuolar functions. The reader is referred to other contributions to this issue (ie, Battey et al., 1999; Sanderfoot and Raikhel, 1999) and to previous reviews (Herman, 1994; Okita and Rogers, 1996; Bassham and Raikhel, 1997; Marty, 1997; Robinson and Hinz, 1997; Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998; Herman and Larkins, 1999) for detailed information on specific aspects of vacuole biology.