Group fission in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem
Group fission in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1026396113830
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发表时间：
1997-12-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Paul, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kuester, J;Paul, A
我们分析了8组分裂发生在20年的时间内，在三组的自由放养供应巴巴利猕猴种群。迁移到围栏后的3.5年内，创始者群体发生了4次分裂，表明外部因素-新的环境，更大的空间，没有其他群体-促进了群体分裂。许多年后，由这些裂变产生的两个群体分别在2.5年和1年内分裂了两次。裂变的过程从几个月持续到近两年。分裂之前，主要是年轻的成年男性（8-10岁）的外围化/分组，这表明男性竞争是分裂的主要力量。加入雄性的是中低级的，但不是最低级的雌性。由此产生的新群体通常比之前的α母系老群体所在的群体要小，而且它们在大小和性别比例上也更易变，这表明在裂变过程中有数量不等的过剩个体被驱逐出去。平均成年的性别比是相似的，在这两个群体分裂后，表明竞争力上级男性在旧组（组+ α-matriline）不能增加他们的繁殖机会。女性亲属，即使是大母系，在核裂变期间几乎总是呆在一起。纳塔尔男性强烈倾向于加入老年群体，这种偏好是最明显的青少年和亚成体。因此，大多数纳塔尔男性与母系相关的女性，即，仍然是真正纳塔尔男性，如果女性留在旧组。他们与女性亲属分离，即，如果女性加入新的群体，就会成为女性。在母系等级方面，这些出生时的男性与纳塔尔男性没有区别，但他们有更多的女性亲属，尤其是更近的亲属（姐妹篇）。
We analyzed eight group fissions occurring during a 20-year period in three groups of a free-ranging provisioned Barbary macaque population. The founder group fissioned four times within 3.5 years after transfer to the enclosure, indicating that external factors-new environment, more space, absence of other groups-facilitated group fissions. Two groups resulting from these fissions split twice within 2.5 and 1 years, respectively, many years later. The process of fissioning lasted from a few months to almost 2 years. Fissions were preceded by peripheralization/subgrouping of mainly young adult males (8-10 years old), suggesting that male competition was the primary force for the fissions. The males were joined by middle-to low-ranking but not the lowest-ranking females. The resulting new groups were usually smaller than the groups in which the former alpha-matriline-old groups-stayed, and they were also more variable in size and sex ratio, suggesting that variable numbers of surplus individuals were expelled during fission. Mean adult sex ratios were similar in both groups after fission, indicating that the competitively superior males in the old groups (groups + alpha-matriline) could not increase their breeding opportunities. Female kin, even of large matrilinies, almost always stayed together during fission. Natal males strongly preferred to join the old groups, and this preference was most pronounced in juveniles and subadults. Hence, most natal males stayed with maternally related females, i.e., remained true natal males, if the females stayed in old groups. They were separated from female kin, i.e., became seminatal, if the females joined the new groups. These seminatal males did not differ from natal males with respect to matrilineal rank, but they had more female relatives, above all more close relatives (sisters).