Applying the ecosystem service concept to air quality management in the UK: a case study for ammonia
Applying the ecosystem service concept to air quality management in the UK: a case study for ammonia
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DOI：
10.1002/env.1094
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发表时间：
2011-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Ashmore, Mike
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Smart, James C. R.;Hicks, Kevin;Ashmore, Mike
到目前为止，对英国控制空气污染物排放政策的效益评估主要集中在对人类健康的影响上，这些影响在经济上是量化的，而生态系统保护则是使用临界水平和临界负荷进行评估的。本文认为，目前的可行性，使用生态系统服务的方法来评估替代方案的好处，控制农业氨排放在英国。采用影响路径方法评估了氨减排对生态系统服务提供的影响。一项“最薄弱环节”的分析表明，对许多关键生态系统服务的影响进行经济估值受到以下因素的制约：剂量-反应关系不足以预测服务流的物理变化，以及/或者无法对预测的物理变化进行经济估值。就对生物多样性的影响而言，应对的时间尺度以及物种组成变化与生态系统服务提供之间的关系界定不清都是重大障碍。然而，有可能得出氨减排措施对气候调节的边际影响的指示性数值;所获得的数值在幅度上与人类健康影响的数值相当。因此，生态系统服务方法提供了对减排效果进行整体评估的可能性，因此可以为未来的空气质量管理做出宝贵贡献。然而，在对氨和其他主要空气污染物进行全面的基于生态系统服务的成本和效益评估之前，需要改进数据收集和量化方法。版权所有（C）2011约翰威利父子有限公司
To date evaluation of the benefits of policies to control emissions of air pollutants in the UK has focused on human health effects, which are quantified economically, whereas ecosystem protection has been assessed using critical levels and critical loads. This paper considers the current feasibility of using an ecosystem services approach to appraise the benefits of alternative scenarios for controlling agricultural ammonia emissions in the UK. The effect of ammonia emission reductions on ecosystem service delivery was assessed using an impact pathway approach. A 'weakest link' analysis identified that economic valuation of impacts on many key ecosystem services was constrained by inadequate dose-response relationships to predict physical changes in service flows and/or by an inability to produce economic valuations of the predicted physical changes. For effects on biodiversity, both the timescale of response and poorly defined relationships between changes in species composition and ecosystem service delivery are significant barriers. However, it was possible to produce indicative values for the marginal impact of ammonia abatement measures on climate regulation; the values obtained were comparable in magnitude to those for human health impacts. The ecosystem service approach thus offers the potential to provide a holistic appraisal of the effects of emission reductions, and could therefore make a valuable contribution to future air quality management. However, improvements in data collection and quantification methods are needed before a full ecosystem services-based evaluation of costs and benefits becomes possible for ammonia and for other major air pollutants. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.