Dynamic pressure maps for wings and tails of pigeons in slow, flapping flight, and their energetic implications
Dynamic pressure maps for wings and tails of pigeons in slow, flapping flight, and their energetic implications
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.01359
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Biewener, AA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Usherwood, JR;Hedrick, TL;Biewener, AA
压差测量为研究鸟类飞行的空气动力学提供了一种新方法。压差传感器的测量结果结合在一起，形成了鸽子在两个栖息处飞行时沿翅膀和跨翅膀的八个位置以及跨尾巴的两个位置的动态压力图。对于机翼和尾部来说，加速度对压力信号的混杂影响很小。稳定、水平飞行期间尾部的平均压差为 25.6 Pa，假设尾部攻角为 47.6 度，表明尾部贡献了重量支撑所需力的 7.91%，并且飞行时需要 19.3 W kg(-1) 的肌肉质量比功率来克服其在 4.46 m s(-1) 时的阻力。下冲程期间的压差沿着机翼长度增加，在远端站点起飞和着陆期间达到 300-400 Pa。将沿着机翼羽毛基部的五个传感器获得的信号作为每个时间点五个翼展方向元件的平均压力的代表，并假设空气动力作用在平面内（即行进方向上没有力）并且在下冲程期间垂直于机翼，我们计算出支撑重量所需的力的 74.5% 由机翼提供，并且扑动翅膀所需的气动肌肉质量比功率 机翼功率为 272.7 W kg(-1)。
Differential pressure measurements offer a new approach for studying the aerodynamics of bird flight. Measurements from differential pressure sensors are combined to form a dymamic pressure map for eight sites along and across the wings, and for two sites across the tail, of pigeons flying between two perches. The confounding influence of acceleration on the pressure signals is shown to be small for both wings and tail. The mean differential pressure for the tail during steady, level flight was 25.6 Pa, which, given an angle of attack for the tail of 47.6degrees, suggests the tail contributes 7.91 % of the force required for weight support, and requires a musclemass specific power of 19.3 W kg(-1) for flight to overcome its drag at 4.46 m s(-1). Differential pressures during downstroke increase along the wing length, to 300-400 Pa during take-off and landing for distal sites. Taking the signals obtained from five sensors sited along the wing at feather bases as representative of the mean pressure for five spanwise elements at each point in time, and assuming aerodynamic forces act within the plane (i.e. no forces in the direction of travel) and perpendicular to the wing during downstroke, we calculate that 74.5% of the force required to support weight was provided by the wings, and that the aerodynamic muscle-mass specific power required to flap the wings was 272.7 W kg(-1).